In the present study, we paid attention to Japanese competitive amateur wrestling where excellent results have been obtained in Olympics and international games. The purpose of this study was to investigate how ACTN3 gene polymorphism was related to athletic performance and physical capacity in competitive wrestlers.

The subjects were 62 collegiate male wrestlers and eight senior wresters (including four Olympic players). Inspection of ACTN3 polymorphism and measurement of physical fitness (grip strength, back extension strength, sit‐up test, vertical jump and middle power test) were executed for all subjects.

The obtained results were summarized as follows:

1) The frequency of ACTN3 gene expression in the subjects who had some experience of the international games was RR type: 41%, RX type: 41% and XX type: 18%. On the contrary, the frequency of ACTN3 gene expression in the subjects who had no experience of the international games was RR type: 12%, RX type: 44% and XX type: 44%. There was significant difference in the frequency of each genotype between the groups (χ²_[df=1]=12.184; p=.0023 and p<0.01).

2) In the subjects who made a specialty of free‐style wrestling and had some experience of the international games (Olympic game or world championship), the frequency of ACTN3 gene expression was RR type: 56%, RX type: 22% and XX type: 22%. On the contrary, the frequency of ACTN3 gene expression in the subjects who made a specialty of free‐style wrestling and had no experience of the international games was RR type: 15%, RX type: 44% and XX type: 41%. There was significant difference in the frequency of each genotype between the groups (χ²_[df=2] =5.980; p=.050 and p<.05)

3) As to all subjects, a high tendency was shown about sit‐up test in order of RR type 〉RX type 〉XX type, and the RR type indicated significantly higher value than the XX type. Moreover, the RR type especially indicated a significant higher value in back extension strength, vertical jump and middle power than the RX type and the XX type.

4) In case of division of all subjects into one group of some experience of the international games and other group of no experience of the international games, a high tendency was also shown about all measurement (grip strength, back extension strength, sit‐up test, vertical jump and middle power test) in order of RR type 〉RX type 〉XX type. Especially, the RR type especially indicated a significant higher value in sit‐up test, vertical jump and middle power than the XX type.

In conclusion, it was suggested from above results that competitive wrestlers with R allele would have some advantage of physical capacity, and especially, that RR genotype would be demanded to enhance the athletic performance to international level in competitive amateur wrestling.

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the basic skills and tactics of samba in relation to world samba championship and to find ways to improve exercise skills and competitiveness of Japanese samba athletes.

The results of this research are provided below.

1) The results of men’s 9 weight divisions, which included 150 games, are as follows. Win by the difference of points accounted for 75 games (50% of all). Win by ippon accounted for 68 games (45.3% of all). The details of ippon were joint locking 37 games (24.7%), technical 24 games (16.0%) and Throwing 7 games (4.7%).

2) The technique for getting a point directly included 352 patterns in all Standing technique had 303 patterns of getting point (as applied from judo technique to samba technique) were kata-guruma, kutiki-daosi, seoinage, hikikomi-gaesi, utimata from many turns. They accounted for 50.9% of all.

3) It was suggested the importance of mastering the technique of let a knee arrive such as uki-otoshi and kouchi-gari to score active point.

4) Combination technique accounted for 30.1% (109 patterns) in getting point technique 352 patterns. The details of 109 patterns were combination from technique to standing technique 41 patterns and to ground fighting technique 68 patterns.

The results of this study suggested that the characteristics of the sambo are different from those of judo and it is necessary to master hand techniques such as kata-guruma and kutiki-daosi to score a point. In addition, it also became clear the need to master techniques such as uki-otoshi and kouchi-gari to score active point.

This study aimed to clarify the effects of three main attributes of an imbalanced lifestyle in university students―lack of sleep, lack of exercise, and poor interpersonal relations―on the characteristics of fatigue consciousness and its accompanying hypofunction.

1. Self-evaluation of fatigue consciousness in relation to lifestyle

Self-evaluation scores (maximum score for each factor: 25) of lifestyle habits and subjective fatigue symptoms were compared and examined. The results showed the following: 1) self-evaluation scores for four factors of drowsiness, anxiety, feeling unpleasant, and feeling unfocussed were significantly higher in the group with lack of sleep than in the group with sufficient sleep; 2) self-evaluation scores for all the factors of drowsiness, anxiety, feeling unpleasant, feeling heavy, and feeling unfocussed were higher in the group with lack of exercise than in the group with habitual exercise; 3) all these factors were higher in the group with poor interpersonal relations than the group with good interpersonal relations.

2. Psychological function in relation to lifestyle

1) Scores for “decreased arousal and alertness” were significantly higher in the groups with lack of sleep, lack of exercise, and poor interpersonal relations due to lifestyle imbalance.

2) Scores for “decreased autonomic function” showed no significant differences according to amount of sleep or amount of exercise; however, these scores were higher in the group with poor interpersonal relations than in the group with good interpersonal relations.

3. Causal relationship between lifestyle imbalance and decrease in psychological function

A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out with “imbalanced lifestyle” as the independent variable and “decreased psychological function” as the dependent variable. Of the three main attributes of an imbalanced lifestyle, a significant path coefficient for “decreased arousal and alertness” was shown by lack of sleep, lack of exercise, and poor interpersonal relations; a significant path coefficient for “decreased autonomic function” was shown for poor interpersonal relations only. The proportion of variance explained in the regression equation was significant for both “decreased psychological function” and “decreased autonomic function.” It was therefore shown that "decreased arousal and alertness," which is an important factor in the body’s psychological regulation, was affected by all three of the main attributes of lifestyle imbalance; "decreased autonomic function" was affected by poor interpersonal relations.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between perfectionism and sport orientation as well as to explore sport-specific perfectionism among Japanese athletes. Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS)³⁹⁾, the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ)²¹⁾, and eight questions specific to perfectionism in track and field were administered. A total of 114 (65 females and 49 males) athletes from two track and field teams in Japan completed the questionnaires. Self-Oriented perfectionism exhibited significant positive relationships with all (SOQ) scores. Canonical correlation analyses confirmed the positive relationship between Self-Oriented perfectionism and competitiveness, goal-, as well as win-orientation. Also, Socially Prescribed perfectionism was not related to competitiveness, but was related to low win-and negatively high goal-orientation. The results revealed that Self-Oriented perfectionism seems a core dimension in understanding athletes’perfectionistic behaviors. Further research should include appropriate scales to measure sport-specific perfectionism among athletes.

The objective of this study was intended to complete the basic materials in terms of physical education in the kingdom of Cambodia. Eight target areas selected: Phnom Penh, Battambang, Kompong Cham, Sihanouk Ville, Kompon Chhnang, Svay Rieng, Kratie and RattanakKiri. The subjects were children, whose ages ranged from six‐ to eleven‐years, selected from the schools where the investigation took place (n=2,335 girls and 2,313 boys). The research was carried out with regard to height, weight, sit‐ups, sitting‐trunk‐flexion, side‐steps, 5minutes‐run, 50m‐run and long‐jump. Percentile graph and Five‐rank research table were plotted using the results of above‐mentioned measurements. The horizontal axis of percentile graph represented age, whereas the vertical axis indicated height or weight in percentiles of 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 95. Five‐rank evaluation value in terms of physical fitness tests was assessed in accordance with standard deviation and average after having dismissed ±3.0SD(standard deviation). Percentile graphs were shown as a figure, whereas five‐rank research tables were indicated as a table.