The purpose of this study is to examine the geographical characteristics of Ethnic play and games among the Native Americans. The 199 Native American tribes and the 36 kinds of Ethnic play and games considered here and reported by S. Culin in; GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS (1907) and the names of the tribes and games used in this study are also adopted from there. To make the comparison of the geographical characteristics easier, the distributional map of the North American continent is divided into 10 regions.

First, an overview of the type of ethnic play and games, it was confirmed the distribution of the geographical situation of the North American continent and games then.

There are three types of ethnic play and games. One is “Games of chance, ” and another “Games of dexterity, ” even “Minor amusements.”

By looking at the ball games of the Native Americans from there points of view, it is clear that the ball games are closely related to regional life surrounding like geographical features, climates, natural features and calling forms.

The purpose of this study was to create a conceptual model to improve decision-making in rugby utilizing an indoor class (the classroom lecture), and to investigate whether accurate decision-making could be accomplished with these classes (classroom lectures). The subjects were a group of 8 experienced male collegiate rugby players and 16 inexperienced rugby players (collegiate male athletes). In accordance with the model, the series of classes were designed to promote understanding of the basic rules, skills, tactics, and strategy, and the characteristics of the game as a declarative knowledge for the subjects. Simultaneously, they were put through cognitive training, and were instructed on recognizing the circumstances of the game, selective field awareness based on the game’s situation, and predicting necessary plays as a procedural knowledge.

In order to study decision-making, we administered a 7-question decision-making test and a 20-question rugby knowledge test before and after the class. Also, we analyzed the link between decision-making and the class attendance rate, the degree of understanding of the class material, and the athletic history of the inexperienced players. The principal results are as follows.

Decision-making of the inexperienced players improved significantly after the class; especially improved was their “knowledge of defense.” We witnessed no change in the overall decision-making of the experienced players but they improved their “selection of individual techniques.”

We observed a meaningful correlation between the decision-making test and the knowledge test given after class. With regards to the rate of change in the scores for the decision-making test and the player’s degree of understanding, the greater the change in test scores, the more significantly higher the outcome was in their degree of understanding, which was true for both the experienced and inexperienced players.

Multiple regression analysis of the main cause influencing decision-making showed a significant link between improvements in the decision-making test scores of inexperienced players to their degree of understanding.

The above results illustrated the possibility of explaining the “conceptual model that improved decision-making in rugby can occur through the use of a class.” Particularly, we were able to see that inexperienced players acquired declarative knowledge and simultaneously advanced their procedural knowledge through cognitive training and improved their decision-making.

Although research until now has employed computer monitors for stimulation presentation to measure visual information, the size of those monitors has not been called into question. In order to better stimulate the situation on the playing field, this study compared the visual search strategies in both high presence (large-size screen monitor) and limited area reflection (small-size screen monitor). The purpose of this study, then, was to examine the difference in the visual information processing by assigning athletes the task of smooth pursuit eye movement using monitors of different sizes. The experiment employed 2 stimulus presentation size (60×60 cm, 180×180 cm) coordinated by a projector. We investigated accuracy and distance while participant were pursuing a moving fixation point. With regard to monitory size, no significant difference was observed in the accuracy of the smooth pursuit eye movement. In addition we calculated the distance of the fixation point from the convergence angle and found that when participants in the study set their eyes upon a narrow field, the fixation point was further than when looking at a wider field. Participants who continued to set their eyes upon a point close in distance to themselves demonstrated a high degree of fatigue. This study found that the visual information processing by difference in size had multiple visual strategies. This suggest that by employing a larger monitors which better stimulate the situation on actual playing fields may be able to better bring out the visual search strategies of athletes. The results of this study may become fundamental data in the development of a visual training system.

The purpose of this study was to reexamine the reliability and factorial validity of the Japanese Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS-J: Isogai et al., 2001), and to compare the athletic identity between high school and collegiate students athletes, considering competitive level. The participants were 1053 student athletes (collegiate: 737, high school: 316).

The result of this study indicated that the AIMS-J was confirmed as reliable and valid by Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Therefore, the result reconfirmed the usefulness of the AIMS-J. Additionally, the results showed that collegiate athletes had a higher athletic identity than high school student athletes, and high competitive level athletes had a higher athletic identity than lower level ones. These results indicated developmental views of the athletic identity, and relationships between the athletic identity and performance. In conclusion, this study reconfirmed the usefulness of the AIMS-J, and further studies using the AIMS-J are expected in Japan.

This study focuses on the introduction of aerobic dance in Japan in the beginning of the 1980s.It examines the image aerobic dance was given and how it was introduced. The results are as follows:

(1)Ken Cooper’s book, Aerobics, was published in 1968. In it, Cooper defined “aerobics” as a variety of exercises, such as running, swimming and walking. The Cooper’s aerobics theory was introduced to Japan in the 1970s.

(2)Jackie Sorensen devised “Aerobic Dancing” as the first aerobic dance program based on Cooper’s aerobics theory and opened a Japanese branch office in 1980. Ken Cooper visited the Asahi Aerobics Seminar held in 1981 where his theories were used to present aerobic dance as a form of physical fitness.

(3)In 1982 The Sports Collection opened in Japan as an exercise club using aerobic dance from America. In the same year the advertising agency Daiiti Kikaku also presented aerobic dance to the Japanese public with the sponsor, Otukaseiyaku, broadcasting the television program “Aerobicise” and drawing from the Oronamin C Aerobics Campaign. Both of these were connected with a concept that explained aerobic dance as a form of entertainment or topical gimmick, and not an actual fitness program. These two experiments identified aerobic dance with an image of being a violent dance performed by women in high-cut leotards.

This study focused on the fast break basketball competition in Japan in the 1920s and intended to clarify the factors behind the utilization and subsequent decline of the sleeper offense in Japan.

The results of this study can be summarized as follows.

The sleeper offense, in which the ball is passed to players remaining in the front court, a kind of fast break, was utilized in Japan in the early 1920s. A defense consisting of four or less players and the inability to adopt dribble-intensive due to inferior sort of ball and court, offensive tactics were reasons behind the adoption of the sleeper offense at the time.

This sleeper offense seems to have been primarily utilized after winning a defensive rebound. The shorter the distance of the shoulder pass utilized in the sleeper offense, the easier it is to control and the lower the risk of the pass being intercepted by the opposition defense. Therefore, the sleeper offense can be employed more effectively on courts with a short distance between the baskets. As the major basketball events in Japan at the time were held on courts with a shorter distance between the baskets than present courts, the conditions can be said to have been ideal for the effective utilization of the sleeper offense.

Since 1924, when Waseda University introduced 3–2 zone defense, many teams have employed a 3–2 zone defense with all 5 players in the back court and the utilization of the sleeper offense has become impossible. So, the sleeper offense has not been employed in Japan along with the spread of 3–2 zone defense from the mid-1920s.

In order to maintain a healthy lifestyle, a continuous habit of participation in exercise and sports is necessary. However, the continuous participation rate in exercise and sports of adults is low. We consider that to promote a habit of sports participation of adults is important to improve physical fitness. To promote a habit of sports participation, it is considered that voluntary participation in exercise and sports is important. Okazawa et al. (1996) report that promoting physical competence is important for achieving voluntary participation in exercise and sports. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between physical competence from preschool childhood to current and physical fitness. Subjects were 53 male undergraduate students. This study examined the relationships between physical fitness test, the subjects’ current feelings of physical competence (the physical competence test) and the past physical competence (feelings about exercise and sports). The physical fitness test consisted of 11 items (25-m run, standing broad jump, vertical jump, repeated side steps, etc.). We used the current physical competence test created by Okazawa et al. (1996). We researched the subjects’ past feelings of physical competency by using a 5-point “I’m good at /bad at sports” scale. We analyzed the relationship between the results of the physical fitness test and the current physical competence score. In this study, a significant relationship was seen between the current physical competence score and the results of seven physical fitness components. Further, many of the subjects who had relatively low current physical competence score had a relatively low reported physical competence score from preschool childhood. These results indicate that an abundant exercise experience during preschool childhood will have a positive effect on the subjects’ current physical competence and their physical fitness test scores. In conclusion, we consider that the improvement of exercise experiences during preschool childhood will promote a habit of sports participation in adulthood.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the differences in the characteristics between total team payroll and team performance in Japanese professional baseball leagues.

In the Central League, the total team payroll seemed to influence the performance among the teams. A team with a higher total team payroll was more likely to win compared to a team with a lower total team payroll. Also, we found that the salary variable was strongly related to the spectator attendance variable.

The results of our research show that in the Central League, the gap in salary influences team performance, moreover the difference of spectator attendance also influences the gap in salary as well.

In the Pacific League, the level of the total team payroll is lower and the gap in salaries between teams is not as noticeable as that of the Central League. Therefore, there is little influence on team performance. Compared to the Central League, the relation of the salary variable and the spectator attendance variable was small so the team results were competitive.

The professional sports league industry should offer game results which cannot be predicted, as the market monopoly by a specific team is not desirable for the team itself as well. With continuous keen competition among the teams, the games will have more entertainment value and further increase the number of fans.

Thus, for Japanese professional baseball to accomplish further development, it is important to have a balance among the teams so that competitive balance will be more equal to maximize each team’s benefit.

Purpose: This study examined that the effects of combined β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and whey protein supplementation on a single bout of eccentric exercise with the elbow flexor muscle.

Methods: Twelve trained male subjects were assigned to the HMB/whey protein group(3 g/day HMB and 36.6 g/day whey protein, n=6)or the whey protein group(36.6 g/day, n=6). Supplementation commenced 7 days before a non-dominant elbow flexor eccentric exercise(30 deg/sec, 6×7 set)and continued to 4 days post-exercise. Maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein were assessed pre-exercise, at 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after exercise.

Results: Whey protein group significant showed a significant decrease in maximal isometric strength(1 and 5 days), and an increase in muscle soreness(2 and 3 days)compared to pre-value. Whereas, the HMB/whey protein group had no change in maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness compared to pre value. CK tended to be lower at 5 days(p=0.08)in the HMB/whey protein group compared to the whey protein group. Total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein had no change in both groups.

Conclusion: These results suggest that combined HMB and whey protein supplementation attenuated symptoms of eccentric exercise-induce muscle damage.

The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in physiological response caused by a pedaling exercise done in three environmental conditions. The subjects were nine men (age 21.8±1.3 yrs, height 172.6±5.9 cm, weight 66.9±9.4 kg, ⩒O_2max 55.5±5.8 ml/kg/min). They completed the pedaling exercise to set 60%⩒O_2max and 60 rpm for 30 minutes in three environments: Control; WBGT 18℃, dry-bulb temperature (DB) 22℃, relative humidity (RH) 40%, Heat; WBGT 28℃, DB 34℃, RH 40%, and Wet; WBGT 28℃, DB 28℃, RH 80%. The measurements were oxygen uptake, heart rate, sweat loss, dehydration rate, skin temperature, and rectal temperature. The results showed that the heart rate and rectal temperature after 10 and 15 minutes in both Heat and Wet were significantly higher than Control (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in all variables between Heat and Wet. We concluded that the risk of heat exhaustion was increased by both Heat and Wet conditions.

The purpose of this study was to develop a picture of the promotion of gymnastics through educational practices at gymnastics schools belonging to Deutscher Gymnastik-Bund e.V. The results can be summarized and organized as follows:

1. Deutscher Gymnastik-Bund e.V. developed the Outline for Classes for the General Public and Specialized Occupational Training (Richtlinien für Laienunterricht und Berufsausbildung) in 1927. The purpose of this was to create awareness among the public at large of the quality of Deutscher Gymnastik-Bund’s gymnastics schools and instructors, as the name “gymnastics” was being misused for commercial gain at that time in Germany.

2. In 1928, there were 923 gymnastics schools belonging to Deutscher Gymnastik-Bund e.V., and approximately 30% of those were schools of the Mensendieck system. Furthermore, there were 177 schools of Deutscher Gymnastik-Bund in the capital Berlin, showing that gymnastics was extremely popular within Germany at that time. School introduction articles for 16 typical gymnastics schools belonging to Deutscher Gymnastik-Bund clearly indicate that classes included anatomy and physiology, music, dance, and choreography.

3. The movement consciousness through gymnastics taught in the three-class gymnastics course for women sponsored by Deutscher Gymnastik-Bund included exercise based on anatomical and physiological knowledge to encourage awareness of skeletal and muscle function; shaking exercise with simple movements such as walking, running, and jumping; exercise focused on multifaceted aspects of movement such as space and tempo; exercise for relaxation of tension with breathing; and exercise in step with the rhythm of music. At the core of these exercises was movement consciousness in which one is aware of the inside of one’s own body through gymnastics.

4. Deutscher Gymnastik-Bund e.V. conducted surveys of its instructors on May 31, 1927 and February 1, 1930. The results indicated that the number of people who took gymnastics classes on May 31, 1927 was about 60,000 and three years later on February 1, 1930 it was 91,022 people. The fact that so many people were taking classes under Deutscher Gymnastik-Bund’s gymnastics instructors clearly showed that the educational practices in the gymnastics schools belonging to Deutscher Gymnastik-Bund e.V. had a major impact on the popularization and promotion of gymnastics.

Native Americans did not traditionally have a writing system but they passed on their culture by means of oral language. Native Americans’ unique traditions were lost after contact with Europeans and then the Dawes Act (1887) and other political measures to assimilate the tribes quickly changed cultural traditions and they vanished. Culture takes from due to the natural climate and cannot be considered as being superior or inferior. Understanding the uniqueness is essentially appreciating and being tied to a foreign culture.

The Navajo, who are Native Americans reside in the southwestern United States. Since the place of residence was not attractive, it was seldom subject to the influence of Americans during the assimilation process. However, it is influence of Spanish people that they use a horse. The horse race which they enjoy is one example of how they adopted foreign cultures. Presently, many of the tribe lives on government reservation.

Cliff (1990) verified 92 kinds of games with traditional elements. For this report, the games were surveyed and the overlapping types were summarized to 36 kinds. This includes games that are still being played today, and other which are no longer done. The seasons that the game can be played, and amount of time available are limited for some games. This limitation can reflect the Navajo outlook on the universe.

The Navajo’s games can be classified into adult games and children’s games. Gambling can be seen in adult games. Gambling occurs also for their horse races. This shows that a gambling is not limited to only one peculiar game. This research will show that for the Navajo tribes, gambling with in games is related to their religious outlook.

In Basketball, the game strategy for getting points effectively is, of course, very important to win a game. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the effective tactical plan by fully understanding the team and individuals’ potential.

In addition, through comparing college and WJBL teams, it is possible to identify the differences of game situations and tendencies including their characteristics. The purpose of this study was to compare game situations between college teams and WJBL, using the game analysis method. In this study, it was revealed the following 4 perspectives which are especially useful for lower level teams:

1. Since the chance of a turnover is increasing in college games, it is necessary to raise the quality of fundamental basketball skills. It is also important to improve players’ physical strength for more contact plays.

2. In WJBL, players are required to have exellent outside shooting skills, including 3 point-shots. Players on college teams are also encouraged to acquire higher accuracy on their 3 point-shots in order to play for the WJBL .

3. College teams should improve their passing skills due to the fact that WJBL teams effectively use passing skills to create more shooting opportunities.

4. Players frequently use screen plays to create an effective shooting opportunity in WJBL. In addition, the analysis showed a tendency for the shooting player to move a lot on the court. Therefore, it is necessary for college teams to utilize screen plays in a shooting situation, and to improve decision making skills to effectively cover the court.

The psychological state of female volleyball athletes was obtained in this study. Subjects were 20 university female volleyball players, who were divided into two groups as starter group and bench starter group. Psychological ability was measured by Psychological Condition Inventory (PCI; general vigor, skill efficacy, fight, expected cognition, emotional stability, performance failure anxiety, and fatigue), just before, just after, and a week later after training camp. The obtained data were converted to the T score.

The results were as follows:

1. The bench starter group showed higher T score in performance failure anxiety (p<0.05) and lower T score in general vigor (p<0.01) , skill efficacy (p<0.01) and expected cognition (p<0.05) than the starter group a week later after the training camp.

2. There was significant correlation between emotional stability T score and general vigor T core through the training camp, just before: r=0.736, p<0.05., just after: r=0.869, p<0.01., and a week later: r=0.859, p<0.01 in the starter group only.

3. The bench starter group showed high T score in performance failure anxiety through the training camp. It is considered that the bench starter members who consisted of fresh women in the university cannot correspond to the team circumstance.

By the above mentioned results, the coaches and upper-class students need the indispensable correspondent to new students.

We investigated the differences in bone metabolism and quality between female university students on Division 1 (H) and Division 4 (L) lacrosse teams. The participants were 67 female university lacrosse players. We examined physical characteristics (height, weight, BMI, age, body fat), the osteo-sono assessment index (OSI), bone formation markers (BAP), bone resorption markers (S-NTx and TRACP-5b), and collagen cross-link markers (homocysteine and pentosidine). No significant difference was observed in the physical characteristics between the H and L groups. The H group showed significantly higher OSI than the L group (p<0.01). Furthermore, the H group had significantly lower BAP levels than the L group (p<0.01). No significant differences were observed for S-NTx or TRACP-5b levels. Although the homocysteine levels in the H group were significantly higher than those in the L group (p<0.01), no significant difference was observed for pentosidine levels. The results may indicate that bone formation was deteriorating and bone quality was degrading in females in the H group. Thus, it is important to determine not only bone strength by quantitative ultrasound but also dynamic states of bone metabolism and bone quality to prevent stress fractures, particularly in Division 1 athletes.

The aim of this study was to propose a safe teaching method of Seoinage (shoulder throw technique) by comparing the motion and characteristics of skilled and unskilled practitioners. The following contents explain the findings:

① An analysis of Seoinage through stick figures reveals that the skilled practitioner lifts Uke (practitioner receiving the technique) with their hands while bending the knees and lowering their center of gravity. On the other hand, the unskilled practitioner, in order to lift the Uke, straightens the knees and attempts to complete the throw by bending at the waist.

② By analyzing the angle of the elbow of the Tsurite (lifting hand),the skilled practitioner demonstrated forearm support and stability. However, the unskilled practitioner tended to fully bend at the elbow and attempted to lift the opponent. Also, regarding the armpit angle of the Tsurite, the analysis found that when the skilled practitioner entered the lifting motion, the upper arm was level with the shoulder, allowing space in the armpit and stability. On the other hand, the unskilled practitioner applied the technique with a closed armpit.

③ When applying the Seoinage technique, the unskilled practitioner cannot control Uke with the upper arm, leading to a dangerous throw. Therefore, when instructing the Seoinage, it has been found that Uchikomi (technique repetition without completion) during practice is effective in order to create an image of lifting Uke and rotating with an effective use of the Tsurite.

【Objectives】The purpose of the present study was to report the relationship between serum vitamins levels, mental mood state, and exercise for elderly people.

【Methods】We divided 26 community-living elderly people (age 69.4±3.8 years) of the South Nagano region into two groups in a random manner. The exercised-group carried out middle to hard level muscular training (Comprehensive geriatric training) during 3-months, while the control-group did their usual activities of daily living during the intervention. After the 3-month training period, we had all subjects complete the QOL survey (SF-36 v2) and took serum vitamins concentration levels. The serum vitamins that were measured were A, B1, C, D and E. This report was a cross sectional study.

【Result】In regards to the 5 kinds of blood vitamins and 10 indexes of SF-36, there was not a significant difference confirmed between the control group and the exercise group. Subsequently, we carried out principal component analysis to focus on the serum vitamins levels. Two component patterns were identified. We labeled companent-1 to “fat-soluble vitamin” and companent-2 to “anti-oxidant vitamin” blood pattern, and calculated each component score. In the control group, serum anti-oxidant vitamin levels showed a significant positive correlation coefficient with some SF-36 indexes. Statistical process adjusting for gender indicated a similar result. However, a significant relationship was not seen in exercise group.

【Conclusion】Our data reported that it might be necessary to pay the attention of blood anti-oxidant vitamin concentration (vitamin C and/or vitamin E) by meal instruction etc., when we organized care preventive campaign for locally living elderly person.

We conducted interviews with representatives of 3 gymnastics clubs located in Frankfurt and Cologne that look back on a long history. The information obtained in these interviews and accompanying documents has become the basis of this study in which we hope to give an overview of the 3 clubs’ current state.

The information obtained in the course of this study can be divided in the following areas:

1) Number of members, 2) Sports departments, 3) Monthly fee, 4) Sports programme, 5) Financial and fiscal, 6) Financial support from the government, 7) Donations from corporations, 8) Coaches, 9) Events, 10) Cooperation with other organizations.

Using the information presented in this report, useful advice for the future proceedings of multi-sport clubs in Japan could be obtained.

This study aimed to reveal the association between functional capacity in daily living and subjective health in elderly women. Subjects were 108 women older than 65 years of age (mean age, 72.4±4.4 years) who were residents of Cities B and C in Prefecture A. Functional capacity indices were time needed to stand up from sitting in a chair, grip strength, and time needed to perform a zigzag walk. Subjective health was measured using the Health Survey standard form SF-8. Daily habits, social activities, and activities for leisure and fulfillment were also investigated to determine lifestyle. The functional capacity index of time needed to perform a zigzag walk was highly associated with subjective health and lifestyle. On the other hand, alertness, defined as time needed to stand up from a chair, and muscle strength, defined as grip strength, did not show a direct association with functional capacity or subjective health, provided that the subjects were living independently, regardless of their age. These results suggest that maintaining elderly individuals’ ability to walk will maintain their ability to perform activities of daily living and improve their subjective health.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of heart rates (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and feeling scores (FS) during a hiking program for college students. Hiking started from the Daiman temple camp site to the Mimosa camp site, in Okinoshima-cho, Shimane Prefecture. Subjects were nine college students, both male and female who were all novices and were going to acquire the credits of the outdoor activity. The hiking route was determined in accordance with their physical fitness level. It was total 18 km, 550 m height difference and took approximately 8 hours. They monitored their HR and walking speed continuously. Eight checkpoints were set up along the hiking route where the subjects were asked their RPE and FS at each checkpoint. The results showed HR were from 85.6 to 120.3 beats/min, RPE responses were “very very light” to “hard” and FS ranged from “good” to “bad.” There were significant correlation coefficients among RPE, HR and FS for all subjects.

In order to progressively intensify expansion of the anterior chest, subjects took a supine posture on five differently shaped supports. The time to take a supine posture were 5 minutes on the floor, 10 minutes on the shaped supports of one kind, 5 minutes on the floor. The subjective changes in sensation were then investigated at the end of the each period using a 7-point scale and visual analog scale. Wilcoxon rank sum test, Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used for statistical analysis. Subjects were 11 female in good health (ages 19.6±1.03).

Only when subjects lay on the semicircle-shaped support (the semicircular support), with their upper limbs hanging down, there was an increase in feelings like “my back and the floor are stuck together” and “it feels like my back is sinking into the floor” (p<0.05/3). Also, in these same postural conditions, as the feeling of “my back and the floor are stuck together” intensified, “difficulty breathing” and “back discomfort” were reduced (p<0.05). As the feeling “it feels like my back is sinking into the floor” intensified, subjects also reported “easy to breathe,” “my back feels comfortable,” and “a feeling of total security” (p<0.05). Through effective stretching of the anterior chest in a supine posture, subjects’ backs were molded by the objects they contacted, leading to changes in sensation of the back. These sensations of the back then also affected the feelings of their bodies as a whole, and influenced emotional responses as well.

There are many reports which detail how nutritionists have helped athletes become more aware of nutrition thus improving their performance. Still few reports exist on how the nutritionists themselves have changed while providing athletes with nutritional guidance. The purpose of this study was to observe candidate dietician nutrition instruction for Japanese amateur bicyclists during a one month time period. Ultimately our goal was to look at improvements in our material support for nutritional guidance.

We observed three candidate dieticians. During this study they participated in an extracurricular activity to support blog-based nutrition instruction with a nutritional value calculation and nutritional advice for two amateur cyclists. This instruction had two steps; the first half was basic nutrition education and the latter half was applied nutrition education. We took notes of impression about each instruction. These notes were analyzed with “KJ” methods, which were applied separately to the first half and latter half of the instructions.

The top categories of both the first and second half instruction included a nutritional value calculation, nutritional advice, and the relationship with the subject athletes. The sub categories, however, showed a substantial difference between both instructions, especially in relationship to the athletes. During the first half of the instruction candidate dieticians felt anxious about their relationship with athletes, whereas during the latter half instruction they got to know more about athletes and encouraged them. In conclusion, our results indicated not only that candidate dieticians could improve their techniques of nutritional value calculation and nutritional advice by gaining a lot of experience, but also that they could ease their anxiety of athletes and develop a better relationship with them by going to their races.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamics work load in swimming with cloths from the view points of power and resistance force using semi-tethered and glided swimming. In semi-tethered swimming (STS) study, the power in STS with cloths was bigger than that with swimming wear, neither crawl and breast stroke. On a decreasing ratio from the power with swimming wear to the power with cloths, that in crawl was bigger than that in breast stroke. In glided swimming study, the resistance force between glided swimming in streamline with cloths and that with swimming wear was almost the same. This result was thought to be influence of the shoes, of which specific gravity was light, wore with cloths. However, in glided swimming with arm stroke motion in crawl, resistance force with cloths was bigger than that with swimming wear. Furthermore, the difference between the resistance force with cloths and that with swimming wear expanded with increase in swimming velocity.

Three matches of NT teams in all Japan University Women’s Championship in December 2011 were used in this study.

In the analyses for winning against opposite teams before match-up, analyses using homo-coupling methods-1 and -2 became possible, in which starting line-up of the opposite team was predicted and an appropriate line-up stream of our team was then selected. From variations in service score rate and reception score rate in selected line-up stream, R phase falling under chances 1 and 2 and pinch 1 and 2 (specifically chances 1 and pinch 1) were extracted. If “Super Pinpoint Lesson” was attempted in extracted R phase and the team plus rate accounted for 50.0%or more, we assumed to be able to win the match at the probability of 80.0%or higher. Based on the transition in 2011, we could make directions for improving NT team’s ability with combined line-up analyses.