In rural area of developing countries, river crossing with no bridges hamper people access to social services, especially in rainy seasons. In this paper, an international technical cooperation approach is presented for enhancing community initiatives for building and maintaining small road bridges by themselves through designing bridges and providing material and technical transfer to the communities for constructions. Under the circumstances where the hydrological data and geoengineering information at the sites were limited and mechanical properties of available construction material were not statistically standardized, with reasonable assumptions, the bridges were designed and constructed. Quality control of the construction done through community initiatives were not equivalent to the cases where contractors were engaged. It was difficult to quantify performance of the constructed bridges through community initiatives. It was also necessary to build consensus on the proposal of feasible and economical design of the bridges considering socioeconomic impact among the local communities who normally expected internationally high standard services to the NGOs. Several bridges were constructed by the communities with support from the NGOs that the authors were established. After four to seven years have passed, they have been serving reasonable access to local communities without causing any human casualties, while some damages were found. It was important that communities were well organized and motivated to inspect and maintain the bridges from time to time and equipped with necessary skills for repairing the small scale damages. In collaborations with the NGOs that have conducted community participatory projects in any fields, the NGO with the expertise of civil engineering could support efficiently and effectively the community taking charge of constructing bridges and ownership on the constructed bridge sustainably. The lessons learned are summarized to enable to construct the bridges through community initiatives for providing access over river crossing to rural communities.

 We clarified the key considerations that contributes to the introduction of public transportation services using automated driving vehicles in rural depopulated areas by structuring the recognition of practitioners using a logic model, and proposed it as an evaluation method for the key considerations.

 As a result, the management entity’s “reduction of burden” and “leadership of keymen such as chiefs” are particularly important. In addition, knowledge peculiar to automated driving such as “trust in automated driving technology” and “road environment for automated driving” was obtained. At the conceptual stage for introduction, the role of local governments was important, such as fostering “trust in automated driving technology” and “momentum for introduction in the region”. Finally, the developed model was evaluated by applying it to a case study, and it was found that, many of the above-mentioned efforts were implemented. We also clarified issues such as “creating a place for movement and interaction” to secure stable users.

 Even in urban area in developing countries in South-East Asia, solid waste is being scattered here and there due to lack of awareness of waste management by residents and local agencies, and especially they have serious problems with waste which do not return to the soil. The project executor developed a solid waste landfill and operate it for the resettlers related to the Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Project in Lao PDR. The villagers, who are ethnic minority Hmong of 3, 500 persons, rather self-sufficiently had lived in the mountainous area and recently have moved to the flat area close to the urban area. This paper presents the change of their life style and awareness on solid waste management through implementation of the resettlement program, which will contribute to the hydropower projects with resettlement issue in this reason.

 The community transport operated by cooperative behavior of the residents has the commons characteristics. The aim of this study is to explore the cooperative behavior and its sustainability in the community transport from the perspective of commons management. The actual situation of community transport from the commons management perspective was qualitatively gained through the hearing survey. The sustainability of the cooperative behavior was explored by evaluating the gained actual situation by using the commons design principles as the index of commons management. The situation satisfying the design principles request means the high sustainability of the cooperative behavior. As the discussion, this study pointed out the importance of the environment to decrease the diremption situation from the commons design principle caused by the operation type of community transport.

 In this study, we analyzed the introduction process and effects of the area-all-you-can-ride low-cost bus passes at the University of Tsukuba and Oyama City in order to clarify whether subscription-type fares for public transportation are sustainable, whether they are profitable, and how the decision to introduce them was made. As a result of a study to improve the campus transportation environment, the University of Tsukuba purchased 6, 000 one-year passes from a bus company and sold them to university students, faculty, and staff to realize a nine-year discount and continued the service for 17 years. Oyama City decided to offer a seven-discount fare for all passes for all lines in the city to encourage citizens to use the bus. The sales period was tentatively set at one year, and the service was extended for two years, and converted to a permanent service since there was no decrease in revenue. The two cases had several points in common, including the guarantee of revenue by the public entity, the continuation of mobility management and the increase in the number of commuter pass buyers, and the cooperation of local companies and organizations.

 Recently hydropower developments invested by Independent Power Producers frequently face to several risks. Resettlement is one of the risks related to hydropower project especially in case of ethnic minority residing. In the Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower project (NNP1) in Lao PDR, Project Affected Peoples (PAPs) Hmong had concerns on soil quality and conversion from shifting cultivation consisting of slush and burning, hunting-and-gathering in the mountain area to rice farming in the flat area, and it took time to get PAPs’ consent and to complete resettlement. To settle the situation, the NNP1 launched a pilot farming and invited PAPs for training on agriculture and livelihood. This paper presents the effects of the pilot farming on verification of the planned resettlement program, information dissemination, feedback and the further possibility of it.

 In this paper, we conducted semi-structured interviews with organizers of dry stone walling restoration activities to understand how participants become organizers and to consider how to manage the place to increase the possibility of continuing the activities. As a result, it was found that organizers have similar feelings toward dry stone walls and resources surrounding their activities as a common premise. In addition, there were four characteristics of change by practicing the activity: experiencing the practice of having to play various roles, improvisational coordination, understanding the principles of the rules, and arranging the restoration work. From these results, three characteristics of activity management were not fixing roles, communicating the priority of rules, and encouraging chatting.

 “Eco-commuting” is an approach that encourage workers to change their modes of commuting from private cars to public transport, bicycles and on foot. It can contribute for not only low-carbon but also health promotion, parking space cost reduction, corporate image improvement, traffic congestion reduction and public transport support. However, the number of “Excellent Eco-Commuting Business Sites Certification System”, that was launched to certify business sites which spontaneously and positively promoted eco-commuting, has been leveling off in recent years. The objectives of this paper are 1) to review the progress of discussion for promotion reform of eco-commuting considering branding strategy and 2) to propose effective measures for the promotion by clarifying the factors of the number of certificated sites of each prefecture. The results shows that the number of certificated sites is large in the prefectures with direct incentive or policies related to eco-commuting and that local government has an important role for the promotion.

 The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is promoting the Infrastructure System Overseas Expansion Action Plan 2021, but it is frequently pointed out that the construction cost of Japan is higher than that of competing countries. One of the reasons why Japan does not have an advantage in order competition with competitors is the high construction cost, but there are several other factors as well. In this study, it is shows the current status of orders received by Japanese companies in promoting the overseas expansion of infrastructure systems. Next, the purpose is to identify factors that are disadvantageous when receiving orders of Japanese companies, countermeasures against them, and factors that work to be superior, and to propose future approaches. The target is a bridge.