Japan adopted a modern system of education in 1872. After the establishment of the fundamental law for the educational system, “Gakusei”, which means School System, regulations concerning schools and curricula were enacted. The “Curriculum for Secondary Schools, Taught by Foreign Teachers”, and the
“Curriculum for Elementary Schools”, both enacted in 1872, were among these. As to mathematics, it was intended to teach Western mathematics at all school levels, abandoning traditional Japanese mathematics. In the “Curriculum for Secondary Schools, Taught by Foreign Teachers”, examples of textbooks written in English, French and German were shown for almost every subject. As to arithmetic, however, there were some differences between the contents of the curriculum and those of the textbooks shown as examples. The curricula of arithmetic in both regulations were almost the same, and the contents and the arrangement of the contents in order of these curricula of arithmetic were influenced by the book “Shuxue qimeng”(“Sugaku Keimo” in Japanese) by Alexander Wylie, which was an introduction of Western arithmetic written in Chinese and published in China in 1853. An outline of the curriculum of Western arithmetic in Japan had been established by referring books on arithmetic written in Western languages as well as “Sugaku Keimo”, with some consideration on the cultural climate of Japan, before the official introduction of modern educational system in Japan in 1872.
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