The Sociology of Law

Des diverses catégories de "nouveaux droits" et leur interaction

Yonosuke Inamoto

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 2-8,233
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.2

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Pour l'analyse sociologique des phénomènes de naissance, d'evolution et de toute métamorphose des droits subjectifs, it est sans doute utile de faire leur catalogue à fin de discerner les droits dans leur sens étroit, soit des droitsmarchandises, soit des droits-prérogatives. Ce catalogue a donc trois volets suivants:
1 Droits-marchandises Ils sont formés à travers le marché. Le nouveau droit de cette catégorie se présente comme nouveau produit qui se vend librement hors contrôle du pouvoir. Il acquiert sa commercialité par la diffusion des clauses ou formules juridiques qui le protège dans la libre concurrance.
2 Droits proprement dits, ou fondamentaux Ils sont réclamés par les mouvements sociaux et établis par une approbation nationale ou un consensus social. Le nouveau droit de ce genre incorpore plus ou moins une value sociale nouvelle et se caractérise par sa nature d'ordre public et de priorité à d'autres catégories de droit.
3 Droits-prérogatives Ils sont créés ordinairement par les lois positives pour intérêt d'un tel ou tel corps social ou d'un groupe professionnel dans le contexte politique. Le nouveau droit de cette catégorie est plus souvent le remplacant d'un ancien droit qui exige une forme nouvelle.

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On the Right to Live in Peace

Yoshiaki Yoshida

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 9-15
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.9

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Taxpayer's Fundamental Rights

Hirohisa Kitano

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 16-22,233
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.16

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Under the traditional concept of taxation, it has long been understood that taxpayers do not have the power to control government spending in Japan.
However, it should be understood that the power to control unconstitutional or/and illegal government spending is a fundamental right for taxpayers.
In order for taxpayers to confer the right, it should be realized that taxing power can not be exercised without a reasonable spending purpose.
One of such fundamental rights is to confer the right to judicially cope with such extravagantly unnecessary spending.

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On "The Right of Liver"

From the sides of Commercial Law, Business Corporation Law and Economic Law

Hiroyuki Ikeshima

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 23-32,232
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.23

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A converting from "The Right of Consumer" to "The Right of Liver." is necessary at present.
Concerning to a historical background of the right of liver, this study is seeking for the legal framework of modern significance on the establishment of the right of liver in modern life-cycle. The conception is that as a complex in legal and as a solidarity foundation.

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Toward a Model of Activities to Institutionalize New Legal Rights as a Form of Social Movements

Setsuo Miyazawa

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 33-46,228
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.33

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Social movements are collective activities that seek to alter a regime. A system of legally enforceable rights is part of a regime. Collective activities that seek to institutionalize new legal rights are thus a form of social movements.
Drawing on the sociology of social movements, this paper presents a model of such movements and a series of hypotheses on conditions for their formation, maintenance, and success. Factors considered are characteristics of the right to be institutionalized and those of movement participants; availability, resources, and strategies of the leadership; characteristics of the decision-making elite, opponents, and competitors; mobilization of the media and public support; the larger social context; and doctrinal sophistication on the part of the movement.
Hypotheses were tested with cases of varying degrees of success, regarding the environmental right (kankyo-ken), the right to personal integrity (jinkakuken), and the solar access right (nissho-ken), all related to prevention or remedies of environmental destruction. This paper finds that while lack of access to other policy-making arenas has brought many movements to the judiciary, the increasingly conservative Japanese judiciary is not likely to adopt new rights that have certain characteristics, however sophisticated their doctrinal construction. The paper concludes with an observation that many movements will have to become explicitly political.

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Issues on the Evolutionary Process of Rights

Yashuhiro Wada

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 47-59,232
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.47

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This is a verbatim record of the author's speech in the symposium at the annual convention of Japanese Association of Sociology of Law, 1987, Tokyo. The speech was provided in order to review all the main points which had been raised in the symposium of 1985 through 1987: The Rise and Development of Legal Rights, and to help the audience recall what had been going on and actively participate in the concluding session that followed.
The speech thus reorganizes the whole picture of remarks and comments in a certain frame of reference, "3-steps model, " which seemed to have been adopted, either explicitly or implicitly, through the three year long discussion at the symposium, and suggests that we should come back again to the starting point with the number of insightful pieces of information and comment we have shared.

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 60-116
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.60

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Why Jury System did not Work in Pre-War Japan?

Takashi Maruta

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 117-124
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.117

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Das rationale und das unrationale im Recht

Takao Sasaki

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 125-129,231
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.125

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Die geltende japanische Verfassung wurde unter der Besetzung in Eile gegeben. Also muß man in ihr viele zufällige Produkte finden, ween man auf ihre Entstehungsgeschichte Rückblick wirft. Aber nicht selten rechtfertigt man sie, als ob sie rational wären. Obwohl diese Rechtfertigunge unrichtig sind, haben sie immer auf unsere Diskussion über die Verfassung schwerwiegende Einflüsse ausgeübt. Mein Referat zielt darauf ab, klarzumachen, was ratitional ist, und was unrational ist, damit man den Irrtum beseitigen kann, daß alles Seinde richtig ist. Unterm Entwurf referiere ich über Art. 64, 96, 97, 9 der japanischen Verfassung und MacArthur's Notes.

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Legal Behavior and Attitudes of Small Corporations

Atsushi Bushimata

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 130-137,231
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.130

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This article tries to explain the compliance with law of small corporations in terms of attitudinal factors. Our survey data in Fukuoka city revealed that their non-compliance was remarkable. Through a multivariate analysis of attitudinal data regarding the tentative draft of the Corporation Law, four types of legal attitudes were discriminated, and the three of them, to a certain degree, correlated to the compliant or non-compliant behavior. This finding suggests that there seems to be a general attitudinal dimension of the non-compliant behavior which, although difficult to define its substantive meaning accurately, consists of the attitudes that oppose the strict imposition of corporation's liabilities and support the deregulation of corporate structure and procedure.

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Adolescent's rights of self-determination on sexual activity

Tamie Kaino

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 138-142,230
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.138

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Recently the idea of children's rights has been developed in accordence with the change of the idea of the nature of childhood.
Children will mature successibly following the stages of growth, gradually increasing their competences, cognitive abilities and moral capacities, therefore it would be desirable to treat them as indepent indirridecals as well as respect for the right to express their opinions according to their age and maturity.
Although there might be some controversies in the rights of self-determenation on sexual activity of adolescents, the right to personal autonomy should be established as a means to develop children's independence.

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The Modern Problems of Commons in England and Wales

Hiroshi Hiramatsu

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 143-147,230
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.143

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The present situation of commons in England and Wales is described with an outline of the legislative and social changes which have taken place after the war. Through a study of documents and author's field survey (1986) of the common land, including both practicing and non-practicing common right, problems are discussed with 3 types of common land, vis. Upland Grazing, Lowland Grazing with amenity use and Lowland Amenity. There follows an analysis of importance of the role played by the commoners at grazing commons, and the modern pressure which act upon them. On the other hand, there follows an analysis of the amenity use in the second or third type common land. The basic problem is the harmony among agriculture, recreation and conservation aspects which are potential sources of conflict. It is offered by this paper a comparative point of studying on commons between England and Japan, that is, the difference of the relations of a policy on commons and the realities of common land.

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Rechtssoziologie und Handelsrechtswissenschaft

Seiji Takehisa

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 148-151,229
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.148

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1. In der gegenwärtigen Methodenlehren vom Handelsrecht in Japan sieht die herrschende und traditionelle Lehre das Wesen des Handelsrechts in "Regulierung der einzelne wirtschaftliche Interessen über das Unternehmen", Dagegen betonen die Minoritätslehre, daß bei Auslegung oder Gesetzgebung des Handelsrechts die soziale Funktion ernst genommen muß, oder daß das Handelsrecht vom Gesichtspunkt des wettbewerblichen Rechts konstruiert werden muß. Der Grund dieser Polemike liegt darin, daß die Parteien der Konfliktsinteressene in Realität entweder gleich (Abwechslungsmöglichkeit) oder verschiedenartig sind. Das heißt, wenn sie gleich sei, funktioniert die herrschende Lehre für die "rationelle" Regulierung gultig. Aber, wenn sie verschiedenartig sei, funktioniert die herrschende Lehre nur für den Schutz der starken Parteie. Mit anderen Worten, beobachten die Minoritästslehren den wirklichen Interessenkonflikt als der Verschiedenartigkeit, und dann legen sie vom wirtschaftsrechtlichen sozialrechtlichen Gesichtspunkte das Handelsrecht aus, um die "rationelle" Regulierung zu verwirklichen.
2. Um dem Handelsrecht die "rationelle" Regulierung zu geben, mußen wir davon ausgehen,
(1) daß wir den wirklichen Interessenkonflikt sachlich (wirtschaftlich) erkennen,
(2) daß wir den politischen Gesetzgebungsprozeß, der den wirklichen Interessenkonflikt in das Gebiet des Recht versetzen, analysieren,
(3) daß wir die Funktion des bestehende Handelsrechts untersuchen.
Es ist das rechtssoziologische Forschung. Also schließlich können wir sagen, daß die Handelsrechtswissenschaft die Rechtssoziologie braucht.

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The survival of the group of companies and a one-man company

Hideo Aoki

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 152-156,229
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.152

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The group of companies acts for survival in following three ways:
(1) Parent companies transfer their hopeless business to their subsidiaries and cut it down. Their excess personnel is also transferred to their subsidiaries.
(2) To promote the efficiencies of business activities, parent companies promote the reorganization and specialization of their subsidiaries, and, to achieve the same purpose, they also transfer some of business section to the subsidiaries.
(3) To evade the risks of exchange fluctuation and the trade frictions, parent companies found subsidiaries abroad.
To realize these purpose, it is most suitable to use a one-man company, because that company is completely controlled by its parent company. It is considered that the board of directors of any parent company can decide the will of a wholly owned subsidiarily on behalf of the latter's general meeting of stockholdes.
In Japan parent companies are able to control their subsidiaries without taking any responsibilities to themselves. The proposed amendment to company law does not refer to this point. So the group of companies is enjoying the freedom of behaviour for its survival.

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Toward a General Theory of Sociology of Law as the Foundation of Juristic Science (Jurisprudenz)

Synopsis of My Works since 1970

Takeyoshi Kawashima

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 157-161
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.157

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 162-167
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.162

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 168-175
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.168

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 176-183
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.176

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Asian Indigenous Law in Interaction with Received Law Edited by Professor Masaji Chiba 1986 RPI London and New York

[in Japanese]

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 184-187
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.184

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 188-192
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.188

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 192-196
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.192

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[title in Japanese]

1988 Volume 1988 Issue 40 Pages 197-201
Published: April 20, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11387/jsl1951.1988.197

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