In order to utilize renewable energy and to solve environmental problems, solar energy is used to power Rankine cycle, using carbon dioxide as working fluid. The present report presents a study on some basic characteristics of the Rankine cycle, including the effect of solar radiation on power generation, heat quantity obtained from the cycle vis a vis environmental aspect. The experimental set-up is mainly comprised of evacuated solar collector, pressure relief valve, CO_2-water heat exchangers, CO_2 feed pump, and cooling tower. The test result reported in the present report is one that represents an average solar radiation and air temperature during one year. The results show that power generation, heat recovery and saved petroleum quantity are all directly proportional to the solar radiation and are increased with the value of solar radiation, also show the relevant system performance with its efficiency.

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The aim of this research is to understand aerodynamic sound generation and propagation from low-Mach number turbulent wake of a bluff body. In order to evaluate both sound pressure strength and propagation pattern, aeroacoustic fields of a square cylinder were numerically calculated with domain decomposition method. The Lighthill tensor was taken from a numerical flow simulation and acoustics filed was calculated by using Finite Element Method. The directivity pattern of the aerodynamic sound showed the dipole distribution at small angle of attack, and therefore the surface pressure term contributes to noise generation. On the other hand, the vortex sound contributions become large at angel of attack of 15 degrees. Conventional method based on the BEM and reduced Curle's equation could not evaluate these results. It indicates that aeroacoustic simulation with Lighthill tensor is useful for the proper visualization of sound directivity and sound wave distribution.

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The flow characteristics of the tapered cylinder were investigated in relating to the aeolian tone generation. The tapered cylinder was inclined toward to the flow directions. The experimental and numerical methods were examined to clear the mechanism of the aeolian tone generation. The aeolian tone from the tapered cylinder is large not at the zero inclined angle, but at negative or positive inclined angle. The wake vortex shedding is occurred even at the large inclined conditions. The aeolian tone is governed with not only the strength of the wake shedding vortex, but also the location of the rolling up of the wake vortex. The large span-wise flow in the dead air region makes small the dead air region and rolling up of wake vortex near the cylinder at large inclined angles.

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Transmission loss characteristics of silencers composed of multiple side-branch tubes have been investigated to control noise in ventilation systems. Numerical results show that the multi-effect of a few identical-sized tube units can regain resonance performances in the narrow frequency range which are lowered by flow. It is also shown that the multi-effect of different-sized units of several kinds can widen effective ranges of frequency for reducing components of random noise traveling in an incompressible flow. Moreover the above results are verified by experiments.

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Lined ducts have often been used to reduce the noises generated in a large wind tunnel and from an engine. Especially, the noise reduction has been strongly required in the hospital, the office and the rail vehicle in accompany with the spread of the air conditioning. The acoustic characteristics of lined ducts, especially the attenuation per unit length of lined duct has been obtained by various simple prediction methods such as the Sabine's Equation, the Bruel's Equation and the Doelling's Equation. However the availability of these methods have not been clarified yet Then, this paper describes comparisons between the results of the predicted attenuation and experimental results. As a result, it was clarified that the applicable frequency region of these methods were clear and the Doelling s method was the most useful.

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Sound absorber panels with using fibrous sound absorbing materials are widely applied to suppress noise from railways or roads. In these cases fibrous sound materials are often wrapped with thin film to protect from rainwater or not to be scattered and lost. But performance of sound absorption in high frequency region is decreased because of that film. So we developed the sound absorber panel composed of a micro-perforated thin aluminum plate, two sheets of micro-perforated aluminum foil and air spaces. The diameter of holes, perforation ratio, thickness of plate or foil and depth of air space are optimized by calculation. The experimental value of the performance of sound absorbing agreed well with one by calculation. The performance of sound absorbing by micro perforated sheets was found to be better than one by fibrous material in high frequency region. The attenuated noise level was measured to test the performance of this panel set along the railway. We found that this panel had much more sound absorption than fibrous material covered with thin film.

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[in Japanese]

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This paper describes the condition monitoring of reciprocating compressors based on the acoustic technology to optimize operation and maintenance in s refinery plant. Examination and evaluation of actual acoustic monitoring were performed on cylinder valves which are major parts for the compressors in accordance with experience and trouble record. As a result, it was verified that this method is useful to long term operation and optimum maintenance under plant operation.

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[in Japanese]

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It becomes more important to reduce the noise generated from Shinkansen train for further speed-up of Shinkansen. We developed the high-speed test train "FASTECH360" that has new equipment such as low-noise pantographs, "multi-segment slider", pantograph noise insulation plates and sound-absorbing panels for the noise from the lower area of car bodies. We investigated the noise distribution of "FASTECH360" by using a spiral microphone array, and we have taken countermeasures for the noise sources of "FASTECH360" based on the primary results of high-speed tests. Currently, the results show that the noise level of "FASTECH360" at the speed of 330km/h is approximately equal to that of the present commercial train at the speed of 275km/h (at a distance of 25m from the track).

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Recently in railway transport, the need for control of a rolling noise generated between wheel and rail is increasing, however, the conventional countermeasures such as sound-proof wall have a big problem that these need much labor to install, so it is eagerly requested to develop a new measure easy to install. Therefore, we have developed a new type of material named "Rail Noise Insulating Material (RNIM)". The first developed type is a laminated structure of foamed ethylene-propylene rubber and damping steel, and it has been confirmed to have an effect to reduce the rolling noise in the commercial line. However, it is also found out that the material cost must be reduced. So we have examined the better materials for inner and outer layer of RNIM, consequently six samples are selected. As the result of impact test for evaluating the properties of these six samples, it has been revealed that natural rubber is promising for inner layer, and normal steel for outer layer.

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By combining a stationary test result of measurement of noise source generated from induction traction motor with filed test results of measurement of under vehicle noise in train running conditions, we have examined a method to separate the noise source from driving devices in train running conditions. The method takes advantage of a phenomenon such that a high-speed region in the noise measurement for the induction traction motor under the stationary test becomes dominant by the sixth power rule in aeroacoustics. We present our overview as described chiefly on the characteristic of the induction motor and the method separating the noise source from the driving devices.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the condition of "comfortable swing." The familiar swings in which the period of the fundamental waveform is almost fixed are selected. Especially, the swings produced by a human are focused. And, the three-axial acceleration waveforms are measured on the ear near the semicircular canals of examinee, because a swing of the low frequency seems to be sensed in the semicircular canals which sense the posture. Then, the envelopes of the waveforms are examined by the frequency analysis. In addition, the acceleration waveforms on the body in lying on the floating air mat in the calm sea are measured, because the popular answer for the question with "what is the most pleasant swing for you?" is "floating on the water." As the result, it is shown that the swings produced by a human for own pleasant have the relationship of 1/f in the range from 0.005 to 0.1Hz.

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In this report, the purpose is development of interferometric optical fiber microphone which can measure noise in liquid and air. Firstly, we explain the microphone using interferometric optical fiber. Next, performance test of manufactured optical fiber microphone is conducted. Finally, the interferometric optical fiber microphone detected steam sound in pipe and boiling sound in high temperature water which is one of the special uses.

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To reduce the noise radiated from the transformer, it is necessary to set up the sound insulating walls or for the transformer to be placed indoor, but these countermeasures are high-cost. Because the panels of transformer are very thick, it is difficult to control the vibration of the panels. As one measure of lightweight and low-cost, we propose a way to dissipate the noise energy transmitted through panels of transformer by installing noise control panels equipped with piezo-ceramic loudspeakers which consist of piezo-ceramic and thin iron plates. By fixing the noise control panels on the panel of transformer directly, the noise transmitted through the panel of transformer reduced by 7dB at 200Hz.

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In recent years, speech recoginiton system have been introduced in a wide variety of environments such as vehicle instrumentation. Speech recogniton plays an important role in ships' chief engineer systems. In such system, speech regonition supports engine room controls, and lower than 0-dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) operability is required. In such a low SNR environment, a noise signal can be misjudged as speech, dramatically decreasing the recognition rate. Therefore, this study focuses on a recoginiton system operating in system that uses body-conducted signals. Such signals are seldom affected by background noise, and thus a high recognition rate can be expected in low SNR environments, construnction of a system with a high recognition rate can be expected.

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Perforated plates are usually used to cover fibered grass in the absorptive silencer. The air-flow on the surface of these perforated plates generate an air-rubbing noise in ventilation systems. Estimating the characteristics of this aerodynamic noise is the important technique to product high performance absorptive silencers. Obtaining the database of noise characteristics with respect to the air-rubbing noise, the experiment to measure and to analyze this aerodynamic noise from the surface flow on the perforated plate set in the test duct had been executed with connecting the test duct to the acoustic low noise wind tunnel. Noise powers are proportional to the sixth power of the flow velocity, to the width of the perforated plates, and to the square root of the length. Spectra of this air-rubbing noise have the maximum level on the region of Strouhal number between 0.6 and 1.0. Finally, the most commonsense results were made clear that the perforated plate with thinner, smaller hole and lower ratio of the opening area induce the quieter air-rubbing noise.

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In this paper, we made clear the effects of the blade geometry on the performances and the flow and noise characteristics of a jet fan. The fan with three-dimensional blade, which has the twisted blades to the span direction, is compared to that with two-dimensional blade ( conventional type fan). It was cleared that the performances of aerodynamics and noise are improved with the three-dimensional type fan. The flow characteristics are mainly improved near the hub in front and rear rotors. Especially the turbulent level is decreased with three-dimensional type fan in front and rear rotor. It is proposed the prediction of the fan noise of the jet fan.

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Acoustic excitation was used for method to prompt reattachment on airfoils. However several studies have been made on acoustic excitation, little attention has been given to the reattachment process in terms of turbulent intensity in separation shear layer. Then we will discuss the effect of sound on separation shear layer in this paper. According to the performance test and velocity measurement in boundary layer, we confirmed that the lift coefficient increase and drag coefficient decrease by acoustic excitation. We can interpret this phenomenon in the following way: Firstly, the separation boundary layer is disturbed by radiating the sound. This sound of frequency equals to the period of flow fluctuation in separation boundary layer. Secondly, turbulent intensity increased near the reattachment point. Finally, Reattachment is prompted. Additionally, we recognized that the effective frequency is 160Hz〜180Hz, effective sound pressure level is approximately 63dB for MEL12m84.

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It is well known that permissible limits on low frequency noise of complaints are lower than the limits of subjects who have not be troubled with low frequency noise. Permissible limits of subjects on rattling noise by low frequency noise are wide spread in last study. Therefore we try to evaluate psychological responses on rattling noises by low frequency noise under various life situations as 'no life situation', 'you have a house near a high way' and 'you must live in the house in your whole life'. 20 subjects (10 male, 10 female) were experimented. Responses of 'surprise', 'fear' and 'uneasiness' decreased according the experiment by experience. 'Noisy' and 'irritation' increased on second situation. The third situation increased physiological responses as 'heavy head', 'stuffy' and 'feel bad' and the feeling of refuse.

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Micro-pressure wave radiated from a tunnel exit is one of the important environmental problems in high-speed railways. The magnitude of the micro-pressure wave is approximately proportional to the pressure gradient of the compression wave arriving at the exit portal. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the distortion of the compression wave propagating in the tunnel in order to predict the magnitude of the micro-pressure wave. In this paper, we have investigated an optimum tunnel entrance hood by numerical simulation by which the pressure gradient of the compression wave arriving at the exit portal of a long slab track tunnel is minimized. The results of the simulation are as follows: (1) A tunnel entrance hood, which gives rise to minimum pressure gradient of the initial compression wave, does not necessarily correspond to the optimum tunnel-entrance hood for minimizing the micro-pressure wave at the exit portal when the tunnel is long. (2) The increase of the pressure gradient of the compression wave with the pressure gradient waveform ∂p/∂t having a trough between two peaks is smaller than the compression wave with flat ∂p/∂t waveform (without a trough) and the same value of the maximum ∂p/∂t. The results of this study will be useful for improving the efficiency of tunnel entrance hoods.

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In this study, we considered audio equipment evaluation using musical sounds. Audio amplifiers were set up as the evaluation targets, and sound quality differences between them were visualized by a wavelet analysis using an actual musical sound signal. We considered the cause of these differences and then tried to connect the sound impression to an analysis result. WT of the sound of music was carried out to evaluate two amplifiers. The sound quality of amplifier A related to the esthetic factor of the "depth" and has been analyzed as the high region of WT, and that of amplifier B related to the force factor of the "depth" and has been analyzed as the low region of WT. Thus, we were able to visualize the impression of listening to the music by correlation of the auditory experiment and wavelet analysis.

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Recently, a new added value in addition to a basic performance of a switch for automobile is expected. The purpose of this research is to pay attention to comfortable switch sound in consideration of tactile feeling. First, subjective evaluations of the tactile feeling of the switch and its operation sound are examined by semantic differential method. Then, the common specific factors between the tactile feeling and the operation sound are extracted by factor analysis. Moreover, the specific factors and physical properties such as the input force and its sound pressure level are analyzed to estimate the relationship between subjective evaluation and objective evaluation.

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To discuss the state of a vehicle horn use, a questionnaire survey was carried out. The questionnaire sought driver's horn use, driver experience of being given a toot on the horn by another driver, and pedestrian experience of being given a toot on the horn by a car driver in addition to personal attributes and the living environment including the surrounding noise sources. The cross tabulation for the questionnaire results was conducted by the correlation analysis using Cramer's V. As a result, the following significant relationships were found: in the lane or the narrow load, the drivers frequently used a short horn to express their thanks for being given up their way by the other ones. A long horn was used in the wide road such as the main road, and astonished and annoyed the other drivers. Furthermore, many participants were discontented with the volume and sound quality of horn.

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The engine sound of acceleration car plays important role in the study of sound quality of car interior noise in recent years, car development analyze that intake noise contributes to car interior noise. However conventional methods in unsteady state need substantial labor-intensive,the simple methods were required. And the research on how to concern psychoacoustic estimation by the change of the engine sound of acceleration car is few. In this study, we develop instantaneous correlation analysis method basic on wavelet transform, and we do the research about connection of sound quality changes of inspiratory sound and its subjective evaluation.

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Recently, global warming becomes serious problem all over the world. One reason for the greenhouse gas is CO2 in the exhaust gas from automobile. It is necessary to develop high- efficient engine such as hybrid system using internal combustion engine and electric motor or only electric motor. The purpose of this research is to analyze the sound quality of electric vehicles and to estimate their positions among conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. First, subjective evaluations of internal combustion engine and electric vehicle in the case with train and without it are examined by semantic differential method. Then, the specific factors of both cases are extracted by factor analysis. Moreover, the sound quality of the electric vehicle is characterized for next-generation.

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This paper studied the feasibility of a quieting wheel cover with resonators by simulations and speaker experiments. BEM simulation considering resonators as secondary sources induced by primary sources predicted that the quieting wheel cover with resonators could reduce radiated tire noise to the side direction by about 8dB at 1kHz. But the speaker experiments showed that the noise reducing frequency range of resonators was as small as predicted and the noise reducing performance did not exceed that of the quieting wheel cover with sound absorbing materials. The noise reducing mechanism of resonators was studied to widen the noise reducing frequency range.

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This paper describes a new control algorithm for reducing sound pressure level of a fan noise. As the algorithm basically comes from the learning control that is invented for controlling the repetitive motion of robot, it is effective for reducing the periodic component of fan noise. The control system utilizing the algorithm includes only error microphones without reference signal sensor, which means the computer program realizing the algorithm is far shorter than that for conventional control algorithm, filtered-X or fitered-ε, for example. In this paper the efficiency of the control matrix, which works as the core of the control and is conditional for positive definiteness, is investigated. The control matrix is induced from a impulse response of the stable transer function. Efficiencies of the matrices are compared by using control simulation for a periodic fan noise.

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The Filtered-x LMS algorithm used from the former as an adaptive algorithm of active noise control is simple, and extremely stable. However, identification of a secondary path characteristic is required prior, and control becomes impossible when the error of the identified characteristic and an actual acoustic characteristic becomes large. This poses a practical problem. Authors are aiming at solution by the technique called Direct Adaptive Algorithm (DAA). In DAA, carrying out sound control and secondary path characteristic identification are carried out simultaneously. Prior acoustic characteristic identification is less necessary by this. Since it identifies accommodative also about the problem of a modeling error, it is solved. Since a secondary path characteristic is identified accommodative, ANC by a direct adaptive algorithm can make control follow movement of an evaluating point. However, since adaptation speed is not so high-speed, the control effect deteriorates during movement of an evaluating point. In this report, in order not to degrade the control effect also while moving, when an evaluating point moves in ANC, the method of taking time delay into consideration to updating of an adaptation filter is proposed, and the validity of the method is confirmed by a numerical simulation.

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In order to reduce an aerodynamic tonal noise from a rearview mirror, active control technique with oscillating jets was utilized. Since the aerodynamic tonal noise of rearview mirror was generated by a small perturbation caused by a small step on a surface of the rearview mirror, oscillating jets were introduced to break it. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to measure aerodynamic sound and flow fields around the two dimensional backward-facing step. The experimental results showed that the noise reduction level depended on the frequency and intensity of the oscillating jets. The noise reduction level was over 40dB at the oscillation frequency about 400Hz and the amplitude of the jet about 1.0m/s. Both of the frequency and intensity of the jet were smaller than the frequency of the feedback noise (2kHz) and the velocity of the uniform flow (30m/s). These results indicated that the oscillating jets effectively reduced aerodynamic noise with small amount of energy.

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In 3-dimensional sound field, such as office room, it is difficult to control noise in whole area. Instead of whole area control, near ears active noise control is considered in this paper. It is shown that when an examinee utters during active noise control, the control result becomes worse. To suppress this bad influence of the voice, a reduction method against disturbance caused by utterance is proposed in this paper. An experiment is carried out in anechoic chamber. From the results of the experiment, the effectiveness of the proposed method is shown.

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This paper concerns the minimization of total acoustic power radiated from noise source. First, the authors focus that the acoustic power of the control source under the optimal condition for minimizing total acoustic power become zero. Then, the authors propose a method employing an active noise control without error microphone in order to minimize the total acoustic power by investigating characteristics of control speaker. This method is applied to the fan noise. The power reducing performance is verified on the basis of theoretical estimations and experiments.

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We have developed cleaning and inspection robot that can clear ash on the surface of boiler tubes and can inspect thickness of boiler tubes by remote operation outside manhole. It is expected to be able to reduce the load of workers by using this robot system. This paper will provide an organization of this robot and test result.

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Thermal Energy Transport System is noticed in point of effective utilization of waste heat from municipal solid waste incineration plants and biomass power plants has become very important to reduce CO_2 emissions. We need the method to transport waste heat to heating and cooling applications of other site. Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd. and Kobe Steel Ltd. are developing latent thermal energy storage equipment for this transport system. The erythritol of phase change material (PCM) and direct contact heat transfer technology are being used for this equipment. Direct contact heat transfer technology is thermal energy storage method of contacting heat medium to PCM directly. The advantages are high performances of heat input and heat output, light weight equipment by no heat exchanger. So, in this paper, we have developed the high efficiency thermal storage cassette of four tons in total weight and achieved the target performance of maintaining fixed heat output at the temperature of 90℃ for 8 hours, and performing 90% or more of heat recovery by the fixation examination and the public road transportation.

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Effective utilization of waste heat from biomass power plants has become very important to reduce CO_2 emissions. However, it is difficult to use waste heat on-site or very nearby. This is so that there is too much waste heat to use as heating and cooling applications on the site. We need a method to transport waste heat to heating and cooling applications of other sites. Kobe Steel Ltd. and Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd are developing latent thermal energy storage equipment for such a transport system. The erythritol of phase change material (PCM) and direct contact heat transfer technology are being used for this equipment. Direct contact heat transfer technology is a thermal energy storage method of contacting heat medium to PCM directly. The advantages are high performances of heat input and heat output and light weight equipment without the need for a heat exchanger. Therefore, in this paper, we report on a study of a new model of thermal storage cassette, for the target performance of maintaining fixed heat output at a temperature of 90℃ for 8 hours, and performing 90% or more of heat recovery and scale-up method of thermal storage cassette used bench-scale test system and pilot-scale test system

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Gasification and reforming technology that has a potential of resource recovery from solid waste has been developed because a major current. issue regarding waste management and reduction is the effective recycling of the waste including biomass. Hydrogen recovery is a promising way and may be extended to the use for fuel cells in the context of hydrogen society. Experiments are conducted by using a series of two reactor systems composed of gasifier and reformer equipped with catalyst bed. The results show that hydrogen can be obtained in a concentration of 50-60vol% in gas and 40mol/kg-feedstock (waste wood). The utilization of steam reforming Ni catalyst promotes hydrogen production and the material has the effect of decreasing operating temperature by about 200 degrees. The combined use of CaO with the catalyst can improve the performance of hydrogen recovery and also reduce the generation of by-products. Dioxins can form in the pyrolysis process even in oxygen-deficient conditions. However, the formation decreased according to an increase of temperature and of the thermal residence of gas and by the use of catalyst for decomposition.

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As the Law for the Promotion of Utilization of Recyclable Resources was enforced with a view to resolving issues on resources and environment, various recycling plants have been operated. However, in the process of treating chips smashed for reproduction, repeated impingement of chips against blower's impellers and bends causes erosion, a serious problem. We make a report on erosion in recycling plants where wooden wastes can be reproduced into a particleboard, and on the influence of the impingement angle and velocity of chips upon erosion.

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In this report we introduce the performance of Mie Waste Treatment Center. We have achieved zero landfilling with a new waste treatment system with the Kubota Surface Melting Furnace(KSMF) at the core. The plant is capable of treating 195 tons of incineration residues from MSW incineration plants in the prefecture and 45 tons of industrial waste (waste plastic, sludge, etc.) from private firms, a combined total of 240 tons a day. In the melter, ash in incineration residue is turned into recyclable slag, and heavy metals such as zinc are condensed into fly ash from melting furnace(secondary fly ash). The slag is fully recycled across the prefecture, mainly as construction material. Zinc in secondary fly ash is refined at a nonferrous refinery to be reused as raw material.

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In recent years, occurrence of the accidents in the general waste disposal facilities is reported from many fields. Then, we surveyed the bulky waste disposal facilities, and made the accidents and troubles data base to prevent the accidents. We developed the SAD (Safety design Analysis with Database) built in accidents and troubles data base to find the potential risk from the design phase of the facilities. Moreover, we upgraded it so that calculating the risk from the damage situation by deciding the default value concerning the amount of damage referring to insurance might become possible. We assessed the safety of the Domestic Wastes Treatment Facilities with SAD (Safety design Analysis with Database). As a result, the explosion in the ripper generated by the combustible gas such as the gas spray cans mixing is the most risky.

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Teshima waste disposal undertaking has been done as a solution of the industrial waste illegal disposal problem happening in Teshima, Kagawa Prefecture since 2003. The role of the watch of the undertaking is requested by the resident living in Teshima and Naoshima. On the other hand, disclosing useful relevant information for the understanding of the undertaking is needed in Kagawa Prefecture who is the entrepreneur. Both of information matched to the progress of the undertakin. Co-creation system is thought to be necessary by such correspondence. We have aimed to practice it what we can do as an engineer. The GPS measurement was done every three months. Information was able to be shared by bringing GIS of the site together in shape to which the resident understood the progress report and future work easily.

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In recent years, occurrence of the accidents in the general waste disposal facilities is reported from many fields. Then, we surveyed the bulky waste disposal facilities, and made the accidents and troubles data base to prevent the accidents. We investigated hearing for Domestic Wastes Treatment Facilities. In consideration of the result, we developed the Operation Management supporting system and the Operator Education supporting system. We verified the effect by executing Teshima waste management undertaking. We confirmed those effectiveness.

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In this paper, we aim at the development of a bodily sensation-type supporting system for operators education by virtual reality (VR) technology as effective safety education method. In late years, accidents by human error of operators occur frequently in the work spot. Therefore safety education for operators is indispensability. First, we collected about 1000 accidents resulting in injury or death examples of operators in waste disposal and treatment facility. And we analyzed them from an ergonomic viewpoint. As a result, there are the most accidents that the hands of operators were sandwiched by some machines for non-confirmation of security. Therefore we developed the supporting system as a hand model. We aim at prevention of some accidents in the work spot by this system beforehand.

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Recently, the construction of the waste management system corresponding to the recycling society is needed. The construction of Best Available System is hoped for in all respects of the municipal waste from the exhaust stage to recycle or final disposal stage with its evaluation. Then, the municipal waste processing evaluation software that the municipality used easily was developed as a tool for the BAS proposal in this study. This software was upgraded in updating of date base to use it actually.

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