The structures of absorptive materials with elastic plates are used in sound absorbing louver. The paper describes calculated results and experimental results of transmission loss when sound waves propagate parallel to the sound absorbing materials with elastic plates. We examined the acoustic characteristics of sound absorptive materials combined with elastic plates. The calculated results based on the equivalent circuit and the experimental results for the case of only the sound absorptive material showed the same tendency. The experimental results for the case of the sound absorptive material with a plate having a large stiffness also showed the same tendency as the calculated results.

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This paper describes a method of controlling the noise emitted from opening of an enclosure by appropriately arranging absorbing materials. There are two steps in the method. First, the sound pressure and acoustic particle velocity in the enclosure are calculated by FDTD numerical simulation. Next, we examine the arrangement of the acoustic absorbing materials to decrease the acoustic power of the emitted sound from the opening based on the numerical results. Numerical results show that it is necessary to design absorber locations when the acoustic absorbing materials with small volume in the enclosure are used.

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This paper describes the design method of the device with absorptive material and a resonator which can obtain the maximum acoustic energy absorption. The dimensions of a resonator and volume of absorptive materials are optimized by statistical analysis. We confirm the performance of the sound absorption device based on the optimization result by measuring the normal incidence acoustic energy absorption using the transfer function method. The experimental results of acoustic energy absorption agree with the calculated results. The acoustic energy absorption in low frequency region can be improved by using the sound absorptive device having the resonator.

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This paper discusses the effectiveness of analytical statistical energy analysis (ASEA) for analyzing vibroacoustic predictions. Transmissions through an aluminum plate between two acoustical cavities are examined by two methods; one is ASEA and the other is measurement. Especially the discussion focuses on comparing Coupling Loss Factors (CLFs) derived by the two methods. It is because the CLFs presented to the indices of power transmission are unique and most important parameters of SEA. As a result, the transmission from the cavity to the structure can be predicted by ASEA. However, those between two cavities and from the structure to the cavity should be investigated further quantitative manners.

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We have proposed a concentrated mass model to perform a two-dimensional acoustic analysis. This model consists of masses, connecting springs, connecting dampers, and based support dampers. In the previous report, the result of eigenvalue analysis by this model includes some spurious values and zero natural frequencies. In this paper, a spurious mode removal model which is changed the distribution of masses is proposed to analyze natural frequencies without spurious values. Furthermore, this model can be reduced order to remove zero natural frequencies. To confirm the validity of proposed model, the numerical results by this model are compared with the theoretical values in time domain and frequency domain. All results agree with theoretical values. Furthermore, spurious values and zero natural frequencies are removed in eigenvalue analysis. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed model is valid for two-dimensional acoustic analysis.

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Due to limitations of computes, prediction of structure-borne sound remain difficult for large-scale problems. Herein a prediction method for low-frequency structure-borne sound transmissions on concrete structures using the finite-difference time-domain scheme is proposed. The target structure is modeled as a composition of multiple plate elements to reduce the dimensions of the simulated vibration field from three-dimensional discretization by solid elements to two-dimensional discretization. This scheme reduces both the calculation time and the amount of required memory. To validate the proposed method, the vibration characteristics using the numerical results of the proposed scheme are compared to those measured for a two-level concrete structure. Comparison of the measured and simulated results suggests that the proposed method can be used to simulate real-scale structures.

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In railway tracks, various elastic materials made of rubber are used for the parts of the track such as rail pad to reduce the vibration and impact force. Because the modulus of rubber generally increases as the temperature becomes low, there is a concern that the vibration reduction performance of elastic material decreases at low temperature. Therefore, to verify the influence of temperature, we measured the vibration and noise at the same point on a viaduct in a meter-gauged line in summer and winter. As a result, while some results such that the vibration of structural members under the rail pad increased as the temperature became low, that was consistent with the theory of track pad, were confirmed, some results such that the ground vibration under the viaduct became low when the temperature was low, that was inconsistent with the theory, were also recognized.

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We have developed a new soundproof system which is installed additionally on existing railway concrete viaducts to make them higher considerably. This system is effective in decreasing the noise caused by the running of a train and can reduce wind load transmitted to the viaduct because of a movable soundproof plate of the system under a strong wind condition. In this system, the soundproof plate is supported by rotating shafts and fixed by magnetic force at its bottom. In this study, the magnetic force was treated as a non-linear spring and frequency response analysis was conducted with a finite element method. As a result, the vibration mode in the analysis approximately agreed with that of impact test with an impulse hammer. Furthermore, vibration response of the current type of soundproof plate was compared to the new one and it was recognized that both were different.

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Personal information included in the conversation at counters of hospitals or banks can be heard by a third party, and it is called 'Speech Privacy' problem. A sound masking technique is used against this problem. Though band limited pink noise is used in conventional masking, it causes loud noise for perfect masking because of its excess ingredient. Therefore, in this paper, we reduce excess ingredient included in masker by using linear predictive coding (LPC) to carry out the voice masking with lower sound pressure level. We confirm that the LPC based masker is more effective than the conventional masker against Japanese vowels by psychological experiments.

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It is necessary to examine what kind of vibration and swinging motion is comfortable, in order to develop the comfortable human-machine interface using vibration or swinging motion. This study focused on the fluctuation in periods of rhythms produced by humans; especially a body swing in walking for enjoyment was examined. First, a portable measurement system for measuring the three-axial acceleration near examinee's ear was developed. Batteries for the acceleration sensors and a battery driven portable data recorder were put in a knapsack which the walker wore. Then, the accelerations in the walking were measured, and the power spectrum of the period fluctuation was examined. As the result, it was clarified that the power spectrum showed the tendency of downward-sloping in the low frequency range, and it showed the relation of "1/f" almost averagely.

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In our daily lives, the sound masking method is used for protecting privacy of conversation at public open space such as the pharmacy or the bank counters. The approach of the sound masking method is to cover contents of conversation by using the masking sound. This masking sound which is generated from a loudspeaker allow a third party not to understand what is said. However, there is a problem that the sound level is increased too much because of the unnecessary power of the masking sound. Accordingly, in order to decrease the total sound level, the authors have attempted to use active noise control (ANC) technique during the sound masking is conducted. This paper describes the fundamental study on the character of the masking sound. The objective of the proposed masking sound is to make it difficult to understand the contents of conversation with sound pressure as small as possible. Furthermore, the effectiveness of ANC technique is shown by the experiment.

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The purpose of this study is to develop the technique to Bio-fuel by a shock wave using exhaust steam. In the first step, we used rice straw with mean particle diameter of 35 urn and investigated on the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide concentration using the shock wave induced by high pressure helium. In this study, we paid attention to the effect of the temperature and the moisture on the Bio-fuel. As a result, we obtained 44% of the highest hydrogen concentration in 1700K. And, 'we found that the temperature and the moisture are important parameters in Bio-fuel production using rice straw.

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For improvement of the waste metal quality of the recycled material disposed from metal working factories, the oil separation system plays an important role. In this paper, the energy consumption and degreasing performance of a superheated steam degreasing system applied to an oily metal cutting chip disposed from a metalworking factory were examined. Energy consumption and degreasing performance were compared between the once-through type and the circulation-type superheated steam degreasing systems. As a result, a circulation-type degreasing system conserves more energy and removes more oil from waste material than the once-through type system. These results show that the circulation-type system is superior to the once-through type system in terms of electric consumption and degreasing.

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In this study, we demonstrate the use of the ceramic manufacturing process with waste glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) consisting of thermosetting plastic with glass fibers, a material that is otherwise difficult to recycle. We also examined the strength of ceramics when GFRP with high glass fiber content was used. Various specimens with different porosities were made using phenol resin containing over 50% in mass of glass fiber. Bending and compressive tests were carried out on the samples. The results confirmed that porous glass fiber reinforced ceramics could be produced in the same way when thermosetting plastics with glass fibers were substituted for the use of thermoplastics with glass fibers as the waste GFRP. We confirmed that porous ceramics with higher strength equivalent to those made from clay alone could be produced by mixing clay and GFRP with a high glass fiber content.

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Previously, we proposed a process that produces porous glass fiber-reinforced ceramics by mixing clay and crushed waste glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) before the mixture is fired. This study was aimed at the development of a pavement block that can moderate the heat island phenomenon by using ceramic properties. Various ceramic specimens were produced by changing the mixing ratios of the clay and GFRP. Compressive, bending and freezing and thawing tests were carried out on the samples. Temperature changes caused by the radiant heat emitted when ceramic surfaces were irradiated with infrared light were measured. The apparent thermal conductivity of the ceramic was also measured. The results confirmed the development of a ceramic with sufficient strength for use as a pavement block. The ceramic had a good freeze damage resistance, could absorb water because of its porous nature and could decrease radiant heat by evaporation. The thermal conductivity of the ceramic made from clay and waste GFRP was also lower than that of mortar and of ceramics made from clay alone. This ceramic may be used in pavement blocks to counteract the heat island effect.

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To improve the performance of "JFE Hyper 21 Stoker System", an advanced stoker-type incinerator, we have modified High-temperature Air Combustion Technology (HiCOT). In this paper, the effect and characteristics of modified HiCOT are examined. In verification tests, stable combustion with lower NOx emission is demonstrated at air excess rate 1.3. In a numerical simulation, calculated internal temperature distribution of the incinerator is agreed with measured that in verification tests qualitatively. In case of applying modified HiCOT to actual waste incinerator, increase of power generation is expected by increase of steam flow for turbine which is due to eliminating a catalytic denitrification equipment.

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The recycle system for wastewater in Municipal Solid Waste incineration plant was investigated. In this study, RO membrane devices were able to attach for conventional water process in MSW incineration plant. To achieve the high availability and to avoid the fouling on RO membranes, it was important to optimize the operating parameter "permeation flux". In additional, to avoid the fouling by silicate, an effective method for silicate removal from wastewater in MSW incineration plant was investigated. In the case of using an aluminum hydroxide, the co-precipitation process showed high removal rate compared with an adsorption process.

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Vertical type incinerator, which has a characteristic to be operated under the primary air ratio of 0.4 - 0.5, has been applied for various kinds of waste such as municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial waste, hazardous waste, and disaster waste. In this study, we analyzed the gas extracted from the waste layer of MSW accumulated in the existing vertical type incinerator, in order to prove the combustion process inside the incinerator. The result showed that MSW supplied into the furnace was decomposed to CO (carbon monoxide), H_2 (hydrogen) and HC (hydrocarbons).

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The Chemical Looping Combustion/Gasification Systems, CLC/CLG, are one of the possible counter measures for the separation and withdrawal of carbon dioxide from the combustion systems. Because much carbon dioxide is emitted in the coal utilization, CLC/CLG are expected to be applied to the coal combustion. Then, high reactivity and low cost lattice oxygen carrier will be required in the CLC for coal. The ash separated from the system may accompany the lattice oxygen carrier and the development of low cost carrier becomes important. In this study, waste metal oxide is used to achieve low cost lattice oxygen carrier and it is found that waste metal oxide easily form agglomerate. Metal oxides are deposited on the inert particles to avoid agglomeration.

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For the Hiratsuka City "Kankyou Jigyo Center (New Environment Management Center)", Ebara has delivered advanced fluidized-bed waste incineration technology by which efficient Energy-from-Waste can be realized. After 11 months commercial operation since October 2013 with 63,000 tons of total waste throughput, it has been revealed that gross thermal efficiency is 19.6% and net thermal efficiency is 13.7% in average. Thanks to high responsivity and controllability of the system, main steam flow rate, generated power or transmitted power can be positively and reliably controlled. As a result, it has been achieved that the transmitted power can be well stabilized within a range of ±3% around its target value with a probability of approx. 94%.

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We have installed the demonstration plant of Waste Heat Power Generation System has been installed in the existing commercial plant of Submerged Type Waste Liquid Thermal Oxidizer in Japan, and we have been able to demonstrate the satisfying power generation performance. This demonstration plant was applied the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) technology, and Freon R-134a refrigerant as the working fluid of the thermic engine. The resource of thermal energy was the gas scrubbing effluent of approx. 78℃. The power generation efficiency was reached to approx. 4.7% (It was defined as the ratio of "generating output" and "heat input to power plant".).

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MSW discharged from small or intermediate cities, etc. are renewable energy sources which are generated near locations of use, stably, and in large quantities. Although their heating value is low in comparison with fossil fuels, these resources have attracted attentions because they are economical and have small CO_2 emission factors. The relative value of Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) produced from MSW has changed greatly over the past ten years. There is an extremely high possibility of further popularization of fuel conversion/use of MSW discharged from small or intermediate cities in the future.

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The multi-pass optical cell is an important tool for high-sensitive laser absorption spectroscopy. For portable emission measurement systems (PEMS), which are useful for on-board measurements of trace-gas emitted from automobiles, a compact design is essential. Therefore, we have constructed a compact multi-pass optical cell based on a pair of cylindrical mirrors. To investigate the performance of the measurements system using the new cell, such as stability and response, 2f wavelength modulation spectroscopy measurements of molecular CO_2 were performed. We also demonstrated the continuous measurements of CO_2 in automobile exhaust and ambient air.

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The eco-efficiency of municipal wastewater treatment plant and pumping station in Japan was studied within the confine of the maintenance and management phase. We evaluate greenhouse gas emission or maintenance and management cost by eco-efficiencies defined as the ratios of the GHG emission or the cost to the population served in sewage work. It was suggested that the GHG emission did not have an advantage of scale.

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The plasma and chemical hybrid process (PCHP) is an innovative technology for simultaneous removal of NO_x (NO and NO_2) and SO_x (SO_2 and SO_3). PCHP is demonstrated for an exhaust gas in glass melting furnaces. NO which compose 90% of the NO_x contained in the exhaust gas is oxidized effectively by injecting ozone with the cooling soft water and compressed air using the three-fluid spray nozzle. SO_2 is desulfurized to Na_2SO_3 at the wet-type reactor by absorbing solution of NaOH. Furthermore, oxidized NO_2 is removed to N_2 by Na_2SO_3. As a result, performance of pilot-scale test is maintained stable during 140 min. When the ozone of 1.4 kg/h is injected to exhaust gas which is 6,700 m^3N/h at 150℃, NO_x concentration is reduced to 222 ppm from 301 ppm in average with removal efficiency of 34% (NO is 38%) in maximum. Furthermore, SO_2 concentration decreased to more than 98%. The PCHP that can be applied effectively to wet-type exhaust gas treatment system of glass melting furnace is demonstrated.

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Heating experiments were carried out to investigate the formation of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at low temperature in fly ash samples collected from fabric filters equipped with aluminum alloy smelting furnaces for the elimination of the releases of these by-products from the plants. The results showed that POPs largely increased in fabric filters below 200℃. It was assumed in the experiments of water-washing fly ash samples that POPs were mainly formed at sufficiently low temperature through catalytic reactions of hydrocarbons in fly ash with water-soluble chlorinated compounds such as potassium chloride. This indicated the possibility that unintentionally produced POPs formation was reduced by adding water into fly ash in fabric filters.

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Factors which forms a flow field in an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a shape of ESP, a gas flow velocity and an ionic wind. Ionic wind is a flow that occurs ions generated by corona discharge collide with air molecules. About the influence on the particles of the ion wind, it is not clarified enough. It is important for the clarification of a particle collecting process, and improvement in particle collecting efficiency to clarify the interaction in ESP including an ion wind. In this study, it analyzed the particle behavior of ESP by using PIV (particle image velocimetry) analysis. The Particle Image Velocimetry method which can perform non-contact measurement and multi-point coincidence measurement was used for the analysis of a particle behavior. This paper reports a PIV analysis result about an ion wind and the particle movement velocity.

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Cold plasma has been remarked for medical applications since it is capable of inactivating cancer cells and bacteria with lower cost and harmless to living body. In this study, a device of a low temperature plasma flow without gas feeding was developed, and its characteristics were investigated. Inactivated regions of HeLa cells were localized by exposure to the plasma flow. The localization may be caused by the effect of plasma-generated chemical species transported by the plasma flow.

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Ballast water is used to stabilize an empty ship on the open sea. It often contains various microorganisms such as plankton and bacteria, and causes serious damage to aquatic ecosystems where it is discharged. Ultra-high pressure underwater shock waves were applied to treatment those microorganisms. The imploding detonation of propane-oxygen mixture was used to generate underwater shock wave in sample holder. The authors investigated imploding detonation wave in approximately cone-shaped combustion chamber having maximum inner diameter of 60 mm. Solid particles were added in sample water to simulate real seawater. As a consequence, mortality rate was increased by the addition of large solid particles. However mortality rate was reduced with increasing concentration of small solid particles. This is considered to be due to the damping effect of underwater shock wave caused by particles.

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The imploding detonation of a propane-oxygen mixture was used to generate underwater shock waves in a sample holder. We used the three kinds of experimental apparatuses whose the inner diameters of main combustion chamber are 60 mm, 150 mm, and 400 mm. The experimental results show that maximum pressure at the implosion center was 150 to 18000 times higher than the initial pressure. Although the maximum pressure in the exit of a sample holder changes with the sizes of experimental apparatus, pressure increase speed is almost constant. We found that the peak pressure in the end of a sample holder can be increased by expansion of the size of the main combustion chamber, and that we can perform scale-up and automatic operation of sterilization equipment.

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A low emission hot water or steam supplying system (2.5 t/h) which consisted of a multi-fuel boiler and a plasma-chemical hybrid NO_x removal was demonstrated Bio-oils or waste oil with city gas or heavy oil (A type) could be fired satisfactorily maintaining a stable NO_x removal efficiency of more than 80%. Furthermore, a simultaneous removal of NO_x and SO_x was tested using mixed heavy oil (A and B type, sulfur: 0.55%) and a very high SO_x removal efficiency, more than 97% was obtained. This low-emission boiler system can be applied for the industry.

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In this study, we developed materials with high adsorption and removal performance of NO_2 gas, thereby decreasing air pollution, by exploiting the porous nature of ceramics produced when clay and crushed waste GFRP are mixed before firing. First, we examined the NO_2 gas adsorption and removal abilities of various materials, such as metals, plastics, wood, mortar, and ceramics made from clay. The results indicated that ceramics made from clay have high adsorption and removal ability for NO_2 gas. We then examined the NO_2 adsorption and removal abilities of ceramics produced by firing mixtures of clay and crushed GFRP. The results indicated that ceramics containing crushed GFRP at 20 to 60% of the total mass have high NO_2 gas adsorption and removal ability. These ceramics may be used as pavement blocks and tiles with an air cleaning function.

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Removal of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) from flue gas emitted from large-scale ships is desirable for environmental pollution control. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), an efficient treatment technology, has been used worldwide for NO_x removal in large-scale combustors such as coal fired power plants. However, SCR systems have a serious drawback in application to ships is that the traditional catalyst cannot use to the low temperature flue gas emitted from ships. The aim of the research was to develop an innovative method using effective chemical species for NO removal at low temperatures. Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), wavelength of 172,185, and 190 nm emitted from an excimer lamp, was employed as the excitation source for NO/O_2/N_2/NH_3 gas mixtures at a room temperature. The effects of NH_3/NO molar ratios (M_R), gas flow rate (gas residence time), and oxygen concentrations on NO removal were investigated. An approximate 98% NO_x removal was attained with an M_R=1.5, F=1.0 L/min and 8.3% O_2.

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The increase of the heat demand in winter in cold areas increase the use of fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases. The generation system based on a CO_2 hydrate takes advantage of the temperature difference between day and night. Therefore, this system does not emit greenhouse gases because it does not use fossil fuels. The main objective of this work is the reduction of the generation time of the CO_2 hydrate for the application to the development of a gas hydrate-based generation system. In this paper, we aimed to increase the generation speed by using an iron oxide catalyst in the generation process of the CO_2 hydrate. Results show a considerable reduction in the generation time compared to the case without catalyst.

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For Japan one of the important problems to solve is power load leveling since the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. Thus, in order to promote the issue, use of ice slurry is hopeful. To form ice slurry there is a promising method where ice growing on a cooling solid surface is scraped. However, ice structure strongly affects the scraping force. Therefore, control of the ice structure itself is essential to reduce the scraping force. So authors have investigated ice structure formed by controlling an initial ice crystal orientation. In this paper, influence of the cooling solid surface roughness on ice structure formed after control of the initial crystal orientation is investigated.

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The refrigerant passing through the minute channel in an expansion valve is a gas-liquid two-phase flow. The flow characteristics are complex and remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to analyze the gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics passing through the minute channel. The experiments are conducted in a flow visualization device that is 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter and 5.0 mm in length, using refrigerant R-134a. The flow characteristics are evaluated concerning the channel diameter and the inlet pressure of the channel, and the phase transition of refrigerant flow is quantitatively analyzed by visualization with a high-speed camera and luminance intensity profile. As a result, the flow characteristics are recognized as bubbly flow, slug flow, annular flow, annular-mist flow and mist flow. It is found that the phase transition and its position are strongly influenced by inlet pressure and minute channel diameter.

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The final object of this study is to enhance the heat-exchange performance of fin-tube heat exchangers using ionic-wind generated at the surfaces of each fin. In this study, an ionic-wind generator consists of a glass plate, a discharge electrode, a bias electrode, and a ground electrode on the back of the glass plate. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) occurs by applying AC high voltage of around 14 kHz between the discharge electrode and the ground electrode. The AC waveform has larger peaks for positive polarity than for negative. Ionic wind was generated only in case where negative bias voltages were applied to the bias electrode. This showed that mainly positive ionic species were generated by DBD.

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The performance of a residential CO_2 heat pump water heating system with hot water supply and bath reheating function is analyzed by numerical simulation. A parametric study in conducted to investigate how reheating water return and tepid water extraction positions affect system performance values. Though the study, it is shown how the position should be set to increase the system efficiency and the volume of unused hot water.

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The authors developed a scheduling tool for electric demand management of small scale industrial customers after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Through a survey of practical requirements for the tool, several issues have been revealed, for example, consideration of process line of factories and that of power demand profile of each facility. In this paper, we reported about the issues and discussed about the approach for them.

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As variable renewable resources such as solar photovoltaic and wind power provide an increasing portion of electricity to the grid, new forms of demand response are being developed with capabilities of reserve provision and frequency control. Thermostatically controlled loads such as air-conditioners are suitable to control frequency deviation and imbalance of power systems. Power consumption of residential air-conditioners depends on indoor temperature and its temperature setting. This paper proposes a simple model based on measured dynamic characteristics of residential air-conditioners by changed indoor temperature setting in an experimental smart house located in Tokyo. The power consumption model has three sections, rising phase, decline phase and stable phase, categorized by passed time. There are dozens power consumption differences [Wh] every 30 minutes after start up between measured value and model. Finally, this study is intended to evaluate load adjustment capability of air-conditioners.

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This work assesses the impact of the system inertia reduction on the frequency quality of an independent microgrid composed of solar and gas engine generators, and utilized to supply energy to small buildings such as residences and offices. The imbalance between supply and demand can lead to variations in the system frequency that may affect the performance of electric machines. Rotating machines acts as buffers for frequency variations. With lower inertia in the system the delivered or absorbed energy decreases and the buffering effect during frequency variation is reduced. This study is performed by modifying the proportion of solar generation and system inertia, and by applying a strong load change in the system to represent a pattern of a load change present in these types of buildings. Results for the different levels of inertia are compared and methods to deal with this issue are proposed.

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The purpose of this study is to design an optimal energy system for an office building in a cold region in Hokkaido. In this research, the energy system is realized by the interconnection of photovoltaics and the cogeneration of electricity and heat by gas engine generator or solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). We performed the optimization of the energy system from economic and power quality points of view. Results show that the introduction of the co-generation system by the SOFC is cheaper than the conventional system. Also, if we want to reduce the frequency variations for an increasing capacity of the photovoltaics, we should increase the inertia constant of the flywheel linearly.

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The volume of the fuel transported from Japan to the Showa Base has been increasing year by year. In order to reduce the fuel consumption, a microgrid is considered in this work, namely Showa Base Microgrid (SBMG). giving the conditions of the optimization (System A) which was adapted for the random research of the many-variables problem nonlinear as the analysis method which used the simple genetic algorithm (GA) in the employment plan of SBMG in this paper, and the quantity control of a dispersed power source dynamo, The optimization (System B) which limited the search range of GA was proposed. As a result, We found the optimum operation of SBMG be installed in Showa base by examining the fossil fuel consumption.

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