Environmental problems worsens, and a change of a personal lifestyle is demanded. In this study, we suggest LSA (Life Style Assessment) as technique to evaluate environmental load quantitatively of a lifestyle by applying LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) method, and aimed at performing examination to contribute to advancement and the spread of the methods. In this report, we take it up about development of LSA software to calculate environmental load easily of the whole lifestyle. We are able to have come to grasp environmental load of the whole life for of fixed-quantity and sight by using this software. Furthermore, I speak problems and a refinement on having made a try of the software.

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Reductive heating and Sodium dispersion method is a combined process of reductive heating for reduction of POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants: Such as PCB, Dioxins, and Organic Chlorinate Agricultural Chemicals) from contaminated soil, and sodium dispersion for the decomposition of POPs material. We investigated the applicability of this process for three characteristic soils at Okinawa region. BHC (Benzene Hexachloride) is reduced from 10mg/kg to lower than 0.001mg/kg in each soil and PCB is also reduced from 53mg/kg to lower than 0.5μg/kg by reductive heating. Dioxins in discharged gas shows lower than 0.1ng-TEQ/m^3N. From the result of green planting test with treated soil, the growth rate of plant is same as that of normal soil, and it is also confirmed that treated soil is able to be recycled for green planting.

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From a viewpoint of environmental preservation and resource protection, the recycling of wastes has been promoting. Expectations to new energy resource are growing by decrease of fossil fuel. Biomass is one of new energies for prevent global warning. This study is an attempt to examine pyrolytic and fuel properties of food wastes for combustion treatment and thermally recycling. The pyrolytic properties of tea and shochu residues were observed by the thermo-gravimertic analysis (TG) to obtained fundamental data of food waste pyrolysis. It observed that tea residues pyrolyze under higher temperature than shochu residues. Residues were compressed at high temperature by hot press device for use as Bio-fuel (BF). The combustion behavior of Bio-fuels was observed in fall-type electric furnace, where the video-recording was carried out at sequential steps, such as ignition, flame and char combustion.

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Aquaponics is a combination term of aquaculture (fish farming) and hydroponics (growing plants without soil) and is the simultaneous production system of fish and vegetables without wastewater. In aquaculture, the water quickly becomes nutrient rich due to the fish digesting their food and excreting waste. In hydroponics, nutrient solution is required for growing plants. In aquaponics, the fish waste provides a food source for the growing plants and the plants provide a natural filter for the fish. This creates a small ecosystem where both plants and fish can thrive. In this study, a small aquaponics system which is enjoyable in a home or a school classroom will be developed and applied to the environmental education ultimately. In this paper, the process of completion of nitrification cycle before the operation of aquaponics system is examined.

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Sapporo Plastics Recycling Corp., Ltd. (SPR) which had started commercial operation of waste plastics liquefaction plant in 2000 when "The Containers and Packaging Recycling Law" had been enforced fully, has entered 8th year of operation. Only hydrocarbon oil has been recognized as recycled product derived from the waste plastics liquefaction plant of SPR by law. Presently, thermal degradation residue and hydrochloric acid other than hydrocarbon oil have been produced as a by-product. As a result, SPR has achieved high recycling rate, in addition, more than 90% of the recycled products have been reused in Hokkaido. Overcoming the operational obstacle caused by corrosion and clogging, SPR has been working towards maximizing recycling rate.

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Flexible thin solid films made of fluorocarbon polymers such as PTFE, PFA and PCTFE. have excellent properties on flexibility, gas and moisture barriers, etc. Many electrical devise applications on such as multi-layer flexible electric circuit and flexible displays with long life are possible if the adhesion property can be improved. We developed a surface modification technique of the films for adhesion using atmospheric-pressure nonthermal plasma application followed by the graft-polymerization of hydrophilic monomer. It was confirmed that the transparent hydrophilic layer whose thickness is an order of 100nm are created on the film surface. Results of T-type peeling test shows that peeling strength is thirty times larger than that for untreated one. The SEM picture shows very smooth and flat surface. It is confirmed from the XPS surface analysis that few F atoms exist on the surface and hydrophilic layer is confirmed due to the grafting.

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In recent years, the new technology on pulse power has been developed. It is based on the method to generate a very high voltage easily by impressing the voltage of the pulse in ultra short time. As a result, the pulse power can induce the plasma state in one-pressure air, which is called pulsed corona. The decompositions of greenhouse gases and exhaust gases have been tried by the pulse power. On the other hand, it is also possible to induce the discharge in water by the direct current pulse power supply and to obtain steady plasma. In the present study, we have attempted the decoloration of dyestuff liquid, and have examined transformation of water by the discharge with electronic spin resonance measurement (ESR). The authors have found that there has not been hydroxyl radical so soon as the plasma has disappeared. But, after plasma treatment in water, the generation of hydrogen peroxide has been found because hydroxyl radical has been detected at added iron (II) sulfate. When dye solution has been treated by plasma in water, hydroxyl radical have been formed and then have been decolored in the presence of iron (II) sulfate.

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This paper describes application of bioassay for the purpose of on-situ, simple and rapid measurement of soil contamination by PCB. This detected concentration criterion is 0.003mg-PCB/L. When luminous bacteria were treated at 1-120min, the acute toxicity test using luminous bacteria could detected in 0.3mg-PCB/L at each treatment time, and is not sufficient. So we evaluated changes of luminescence in 2h, and cleared to differ variations of luminescence at each PCB concentration. Using this analysis, PCB could detected 0.065mg-PCB/L. Though this is not sufficient, we think that we are able to improve in detective sensitivity to establish Luminous bacteria optimum condition and pre-treatment technique

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Ultra-high pressure underwater shock wave was applied to sterilize aquatics in ships' ballast water. Propaneoxygen imploding detonation was used to generate underwater shock wavein a pipe. As sterilization objects, artemia salina (animal plankton), heterosigma akashiwo (vegetable plankton) and colon bacillus (monad) were used. We found that we could completely sterilize the above-mentioned aquatics by twice transmission of the underwater shock wave that peak pressure was more than about 400MPa.

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We have been developed a unique De-NO_x system by direct ammonia radical injection using an intermittent dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) with a one-cycle sinusoidal-wave power source. Energy efficiency of De-NO_x in this system is 120g-NO/kWh, which is the higher efficiency than other De-NO_x systems using different plasma techniques. However, more improvements of energy efficiency are needed for practical use. In this study, effects of gas mixing between ammonia radicals and model gas (NO/N_2) in a reaction chamber on the energy efficiency are investigated. It is found that an increasing of the gas mixing contribute to a substantial increase of the energy efficiency. Three dimension computational fluid dynamics (3D-CFD) simulation coupled with De-NO_x mechanisms was carried out to analyze effects of gas mixing. Gas mixing conditions for complete De-NO_x reaction were estimated by 3D-CFD simulation with elemental reactions in H-N-O system.

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In our previous studies, a novel NO_x aftertreatment system using adsorption and reduction by nonthermal plasma desorption is proposed. In the present study, application of the system to a real stationary diesel engine generator is investigated. The NO_x is first removed by adsorption, then the adsorbent is regenerated by thermal desorption using waste heat of the exhaust gas. In the regeneration process, hot exhaust gas passes through the heat exchanger tubes surrounded by the adsorbent pellets. The desorbed NO_x is subsequently reduced to N_2 by nitrogen nonthermal plasma. This system reduces 245〜270ppm NO_x emitted by the generator to around 50% for 8 hours.

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The pilot-scale NO_x removal from boiler emission was performed using indirect plasma and a chemical hybrid process. The flue gas flow rate was in the range of 460〜1,430m^3_N/hr, and the gas temperature of 335℃, and NO_x concentration of approximately 50ppm for city gas firing. The NO_2 oxidized by the indirect plasma was further reduced by a Na_2SO_3 solution chemical scrubber to N_2. The NO_x removal efficiency exceeded 90%.

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Electrical discharge process using corona is effective in reducing particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and total hydrocarbon (THC) contained in diesel engine exhaust. We experimentally evaluate the application of DC corona discharge reactor to reduce the PM and NO_x from diesel exhaust. Particulate trapping in a corona reactor can be accomplished by electrostatic precipitation. The accumulated PM on a nichrome electrode of reactor can be regenerated by the controlled burning process. In a corona reactor, the NO_x reacts with H_2O contained in exhaust at activated field. NO_x decreases as a result of HNO_3 formation in a reactor, and successively HNO_3 mist are adhered on the paper filter. A corona reactor consists of cylindrically-shaped outer electrode made of stainless steel and central electrode made of rolled nichrome wire. In this study, the effects of exhaust gas temperature and flow rate through a reactor on smoke degree reduction rate and NO_x removal rate are investigated by using a single reactor and multi-type discharge reactor. Also discussed is the particle size distribution of PM collected by a reactor.

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A simulation method for coupling of plasma reactions and combustion reactions was newly developed in this study. Electron-impact reactions and ion recombination reactions were added to an oxidation mechanism of Methane in order to consider the interaction between plasma and flame. A mean electron temperature of the plasma was calculated by solving Boltzman equations by Bolsig code. Effects of strength of an electric field of the plasma and of composition of the mixture on combustion reaction can be analyzed. The authors succeeded in including both reactions in the same code. However, there are some problems such as limitation of thermo-chemical data for ions and excited species.

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There is increasing concern about health effects of particulate pollutants such as SARS, avian influenza (also human influenza), diesel emission particles, and their restrictions are becoming tight. These are contributor to infectious diseases. Because of these situations, particle motions and flows around the human with periodic breathing are numerically solved to predict the gas-particulate two phase flows. Very little studies have been reported to deal with the theme of human with time-dependent particle motion for human inhalation. Since the targeted particles are bacteria and virus, particle size selected at 1μm and 100nm in diameter with density of 10kg/m^3, respectively. Three-dimensional numerical simulation was employed using Lagrange approach for particle motion and the standard k-ε model for flows. Our research is a unique dealing with nano-size particle motions. For speeding-up, parallel computation is applied. The authors examined the influence of source distance and particle diameter on particles inhalation. In the calculation, the effect of the distance between the human and the pollutant region was clarified in the inhalation of such SPM. This study is expected to help the prevention of unknown infection spread to come.

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A generation system of a nonequilibrium plasma flow in a tube has been developed for catheter sterilization. For improvement of the performance of sterilization in a tube, it is very important to clarify plasma flow characteristics such as generation and transportation of chemical species, gas temperature, flowing field. We studied the discharge processes such as electron avalanche and streamer propagation in 1-D numerical model, and clarified the time evolution of the chemical species concentration and the spatial distribution of the electron number density and temperature.

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Waste lubricating oils generally contain metallic compound impurities, which result from various additives mixed into fresh lubricating oils and wear grits generated during machine operations. To develop a new refining process of waste lubricating oils into base oil, which includes an effective removal of metallic compounds and other impurities, a speciation analysis for these metallic compounds was conducted. Dialysis and chromatography of waste oil samples were applied to distinguish impurities by physical and chemical forms, such as solid and liquid phases, hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. Almost of metallic compounds were found to possibly exist in waste oils as particulates and/or water-soluble salt. However, parts of lead and phosphorous were dissolved in oil content.

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In recent years, DEP (Diesel Exhaust particles) is regarded as important as an environmental pollutant. The nano particles (particles whose diameter is 300nm or less) in DEP have a bad influence on the human body. Therefore, the main concern of this research is how the nano particles can be collected on ESP (Electrostatic Precipitator) effectively for road tunnel. The improvements of charging and collecting section to collect of nano particles in ESP have been experimentally investigated. The improvement of charging performance was conducted by increasing the charge density of the discharge points. In the collecting section, the usefulness of non-uniform electrode was examined.

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p-Xylene removal is carried out using nonthermal plasma combined with adsorbent. The zeolite molecular sieve pellets are used as adsorbent. After p-Xylene is adsorbed by adsorbent for 130min, regeneration of adsorbent is performed using nonthermal plasma for 4min. However, the regeneration efficiency is 4.5%. Also ozone concentration in exhaust gas is 150〜250ppm. In order to improve regeneration efficiency and control ozone exhaust, regeneration of adsorbent is carried out using nonthermal plasma with circulating exhaust gas. As a result, the regeneration efficiency of 70% is achieved by circulating for 60min and the amount of ozone exhaust with circulating exhaust is less than 1/7 of that without circulating exhaust.

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The factors affecting byproduct distributions in the nonthermal plasma chemical processing of VOCs were investigated for methanol, dichloromethane, toluene, and their binary mixtures. The byproduct distribution was greatly affected by the chemical structures of VOCs, background gas composition, and reactor energy density. The reaction modes of byproduct formation from VOCs were classified into three categories depending on reaction conditions: thermal cleavage of covalent bonds, 2) radical recombination, 3) incorporation of nitrogen atoms from gaseous N_2, and 4) oxygenation of VOC fragments. Since they were formed through hemolytic processes, addition of gaseous oxygen drastically decreased numbers and amounts of the organic byproducts. Addition of oxygen and water, and increase of reactor energy density were also effective in decomposing intermediate oxidation byproducts.

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Odor control has gained increased importance for ensuring a comfortable living environment. In this paper, the authors report the experimental results of a study of the detailed characteristics of a barrier-type packed-bed nonthermal plasma reactor used for odor control. This plasma reactor has been widely used for VOC (volatile organic compounds) decomposition and NO_x reduction. This reactor is energized by a low-cost 60Hz AC power supply. The removal efficiencies and byproduct concentrations are studied under various experimental conditions. The complete decomposition of the main odor component-NH_3-is obtained with a minimum amount of reaction byproduct formation in a dry environment. The decomposition is deteriorated by the addition of moisture. The minimum residence time is determined for the complete removal of NH_3 in the case of the packed-bed plasma reactor. Mixing another odor component such as CH_3CHO has little effect on the removal efficiency of NH_3.

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A plasma source using a coaxial cable for microwave transmission type has advantages such as portability, simple configuration, and ability to operate at atmospheric pressure. Using this plasma source, we clarified its sterilization efficacy against Geobacillus stearothermophilus. A log reduction number of G. stearothermophilus of at least 5 (10^<-5>) was obtained under conditions of a gas flow rate of argon of 14l/min, input power of 400W and sterilization temperature of 353K. It is possible to sterilize Escherichia coli on plasma exposure temperature of 383K although the heated argon gas can't sterilize at same exposure temperature of the plasma flow. The sterilization mechanism of plasma flow was clarified by observing a shape variation analysis of SEM and the potassium leakage of the ICP-MS method.

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Recently, it has become a social problem that the disease infection by the pathogenic microorganism spreads all over the world. Therefore, it is expected to establish an advanced sterilization method which has the advantages of simple configuration and ability to operarte at atmospheric pressure. We studied the sterilization effects of the steam plasma flow at atmospheric pressure on bacteris. We developed a plasma source of the steam plasma flow at atmospheric pressure in a quartz tube of 8mm in diameter and clarified its plasma characteristics and sterilization efficacy against Geobacillus Stearohermophilus. A flow rate of the steam plasma flow of atomospheric prsssure in a tube is 8.1l/min which equals to the velocity of 2.7m/s. The operating condition as 6.2mA, the average discharge power of 3.0W at 13kV_<pp>, and the applied frequency of 3kHz. Under this condition, a good sterilization result of G. Stearohermophilus was obtained for the operation time of 30 minutes.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of flow rate versus concentration on the efficiency of dry NO_x reduction process in nitrogen plasma environments. The simulated gas is obtained by diluting 2L/min 2% NO gas (N_2 balanced) with 0〜18 [L/min] N_2. The experimental setup consists of the versatile plasma discharge reactor unit powered by 10kHz pulse HV supply and supplied by mass flow controllers with the simulated (NO+N_2) gas. The measurements are obtained by the means of a gas analyser for NO/NO_x concentration and a digital oscilloscope supplied with HV and current probes for discharge power computation. The gas flow rate and concentration are studied while aiming at 30g(NO_2)/kWh energy efficiency with over 86% reduction efficiencies. These targets are keys to industrial application of plasma discharge reactor, as a way of reducing NO_x from the regeneration phase, in the next generation diesel exhaust aftertreatment system. Further studies could also prove the observations in this study useful for similar VOC reduction applications.

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Heat pumps using CO_2 as a natural refrigerant have been developed, and are expected to contribute to energy saving in hot water supply. In its residential application, a CO_2 heat pump is used in combination with a hot water storage tank, and the performance of this system is affected significantly not only by instantaneous ambient air and feed water temperatures but also by hourly changes of hot water demand and temperature distribution in the storage tank. It takes a long time to conduct the performance analysis by experiment, and it is expected that numerical simulation enables one to do it very efficiently. The author has created simulation models of CO_2 heat pump water heating systems and has conducted the performance analysis by numerical simulation. In this invited lecture, the background and some examples of the numerical simulation are presented.

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Now more and more interests are focused on carbon dioxide, a natural working fluid in energy systems. Flow and heat transfer performance of supercritical carbon dioxide are investigated in the present paper. The transient flow is calculated in a horizontal tube. The obtained results show an enhanced heat transfer is found when pressure is below 12MPa, comparing to water as working fluid. Furthermore, related natures are obtained and discussed in the paper.

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Temperature distribution in a hot water storage tank, which affects the performance of a CO_2 heat pump water heating system, is analyzed by three-dimensional thermo-fluid analysis. Moreover, the analyzed temperature distribution is compared with that by one-dimensional analysis, in which it is assumed that hot water moves only vertically inside the tank. In particular, the temperature distribution in a revised system where middle hot water is extracted from middle position of the tank is analyzed. By the analysis, the qualitative validity of the one-dimensional analysis is clarified.

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The detailed characteristic evaluation of CO_2 heat pump water heater has not been enough investigated. Therefore, the purposes of this study are to clarify the detailed characteristics by the simulation and to confirm the validity of this simulation model by comparing the simulation results with experimental ones. First, The simulation models of each devices are built, Second, the static analysis of CO_2 heat pump water heater using these simulation models is carried out. In the simulation, the effects of the inlet water temperature and the outside air temperature on COP, the heat exchanger duty, the refrigerant flow rate and the pressure are discussed. The experimental setup is real machine whose water heating capacity is 22.3kW and outlet water temperature is 90℃. As a result, the validity of this simulation model was confirmed and the detailed characteristics were clarified.

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In previous report, the absorption cycle without an electric solution pump was proposed. To realize this cycle the porous material was embedded in the generator to keep the pressure difference between high pressure for a condenser and low pressure for an absorber. And the tube-type generator was tested to keep the pressure difference for refrigeration. In result the pressure difference was kept using capillary pumping, but the capillary pumping to the circumference direction reduced the heat flux to the generator. In this study to accomplish higher heat flux to the generator, plate-type generator was manufactured and underwent some experiments changing the heat flux to the generator and cooling water temperature.

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The absorption refrigerators with H_2O/LiBr working fluid pair are popular here in Japan for air conditioners in office buildings and public institutions. But H_2O/LiBr working fluid pair is not able to work in the condition of under 0℃. And further they have problems of crystallization of the solution when the solution becomes higher concentration. On the other hand, TFE/NMP working fluid pair has the advantage of working under atmospheric pressure, driving the refrigeration cycle under 0℃ for heat pump and no-crystallization of solution in all solution concentration range. Therefore this working fluid pair has possibility of using wide solution concentration and heat source temperature range. In this study the experimental equipment of TFE/NMP absorption refrigerantion cycle was manufactured and the fundamental characteristics of this absorption cycle were experimentally investigated changing the heat loads to the generator and the strong solution flow rates.

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This study aims at integration of an operational planning and model predictive control as a problem of one of the operational management of an energy supply system. As this method, at upper level the controlled targeted values are decided by optimal operational planning and at the lower level model predictive control is adopted to model with their desired values determined at the upper level are combined with each other hierarchically. In this regard, the method to decide a control parameter value use of optimization methods in model predictive control which is typically decided for trial and error is examined. By way of example, this approach is applied to the operational planning and control of a heat supply system for air conditioning and their effectiveness is demonstrated.

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Recently, the mobility which is more comfortable than a thing of an article for handicapped people to obtain social barrier-free as well as necessity of mobility machinery for elderly society is demanded. We are aimed for development of an electric wheelchair as next generation mobility machinery which is equipped with a fuel cell system as a new energy source and which realized power-saving and lightweight. We send a questionnaire to wheelchair users and strength analysis on software, and the body adopted lightweight material.

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Recently, development and the spread of small, lightweight, environmentally-friendly and high-efficiency single-seat fuel cell electric vehicle are expected. Then, in order to realize this concept, we designed and manufactured for ULFCV (Ultra Lightweight Fuel Cell Electric Concept Vehicle) applying the development technology of competition vehicle. In this paper, to realize more practicability , we considered the power system and the body of the ULFCV. Then we selected best available fuel cell and capacitor and battery. On the other hand, we improved mass production type ULFCV to use in a car sharing system. We tried to reflect users' opinions to the body design. Next, we simulated the ULFCV strength by FEM analysis for the purpose of confirming its safety.

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In this paper, we aim at the construction of the environmental-friendly use system of automobiles whose large environmental load is pointed out as significant problems. Our base concept is "Up-grading" product, which realizes long life and environmental-friendly using by the up-grading of main components and also improvement of users consciousness. First, we performed an Eco-drive examination to realize its effect. As a result, we can get some effects by Eco-drive without average speed changing. Therefore, we propose the supporting device to promote the practicing Eco-drive. It is the device which the users can learn about Eco-drive after their driving with animation and running data. We aim to bring up eco-users and to improve the consciousness of drivers.

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Magnetic materials that show a giant magnetocaloric effect at room temperature have been developed in the last few years, and a room temperature magnetic refrigerator deserve our attention as a refrigerator without having to use environmentally hazardous fluids. A rotating magnet type magnetic refrigerator was modified and its performance has been improved. The system configuration was not changed but some components were modified. The new refrigerator produces a maximum cooling power of 560W and a maximum COP of 3.5 when the temperature at the hot end of the AMR duct is 20℃ and the temperature span was 0℃.

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This paper deals with the cooling performance of a room-temperature magnetic refrigerator using an active magnetic regenerator (AMR). The AMR system basically has four sequential processes: magnetization, heat exchange fluid flow, demagnetization and fluid flow. The fundamental heat transport characteristics of each processes of the AMR cycle are investigated in detail, and both the cooling power and the total system performance are evaluated when the system is running continuously. In addition, we devise the appropriate simulation model of the heat transfer process inside the AMR particle bed. The temperature profile inside the AMR bed and the cooling characteristics of the room temperature magnetic regenerator using AMR are performed analytically. In this research, the validity of the analytical model is verified by comparing the experimental results with the analytical results.

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First, two types of cooling systems for data centers were compared in a real scale experimental room. One was ceiling return system and the other was room return system. For both of them cooling air was supplied from raised floor. As a result, ceiling return system presented better cooling performance as it made room air temperatures lower than room return system. Secondly, we applied these results to practical air conditioning design and created useful equations for designing. Using these equations we found that ceiling return system could make not only running but initial costs for air conditionings less than the other. Finally, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were used to evaluate if they could reproduce experimental results and it revealed CFD tools were very useful for designing airflow in data centers.

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In recent years global environmental problems become aggravated, and various energy-saving function and method have been introduced in vending machine. However, it is reported that useless energy is consumed because the amount of power consumption changes greatly by the installation environment in actual operation. We also developed a tool which is called Best Available Allocation Supporting tool. By using this tool, we plan to propose people who operate vending machines to save vending machines energy consumption without dropping off sales. We planned advancement of the tool, especially investigated the influence of the sunshine and exhaust heat from machines to energy consumption.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of cooling by the water atomization in the train base with ventilation equipment. We examined the characteristic of the water atomization by the experiment that changed the quantity of water and the ventilation volume. The temperature descent by latent heat of water mist was 2℃ at velocity 0.3m/s quantity of water 18.4L/h, 3℃ at velocity 0.3m/s quantity of water 36.8L/h, 1℃ at velocity 0.6m/s quantity of water 18.4L/h, and 2℃ at velocity 0.6m/s quantity of water 36.8L/h. The evaporative efficiency has close relation to the ventilation volume and the quantity of water. On the same quantity of water the evaporative efficiency tends to improve so that velocity is fast.

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As described in the paper before, in order to develop a fully passive-typesolar lumber drying house by improving a green-house, it was recognized that the effects of elemental techniques and basic phenomena related those are useful as a total effect to collect passively solar energy and also exhaust passively moist air inside the house. In this paper, therefore, an experimental work on the the fully passive-type solar lumber drying house of the second generation model which was developed after designing as above was carried out, and the excellent performance from which was made clearly.

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This study proposes a new type of solar energy utilization, that is, utilizing visible sunshine for lighting while utilizing infrared rays to produce high temperature heat. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of the infrared collector with non-imaging Fresnel lens experimentally. The lens has concentration ratio of 8X, which is mounted above vacuum glass tube in which heat collecting tube is located. Experimental resulted indicate that efficiency of thermal recovery from infrared rays was 10% higher than that from whole insolation. It was also found that only infrared rays could increase hot water temperature by 30degC. It can be concluded that the proposed system is technologically feasible.

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This paper describes elemental techniques and basic phenomena, and the related technology to develop a passive solar lumber drying apparatus by improving a green-house based on new concept in combination of those effects, which collects passively solar energy and also exhausts passively moist air inside the house. As a total effect of the above, the second generation type of the fully passive-type solar lumber drying house was designed and built, the experimental work on the apparatus was carried out, and the result performed from which was evaluated.

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Combined use of an air-conditioner and underfloor heating device with heat storage tanks installed in the space under the floor with the area of 10m^2 was proposed in the previous studies. Electric carpets or circulating hot water in a vinyl tube heated by solar collectors was used. In this study, it was proposed to use circulating hot water supplied directly from the condenser of a direct-expansion solar heat pump. It was found that the temperature of the returning water to the condenser was about 20 to 35℃ so that the heat pump could operate efficiently at low condensing temperature. The rated capacity of the compressor was 250W and the area of the evaporator was 1.27m^2. The floor temperature could be a little higher than the room temperature at 22℃ when the solar insolation was large. The necessary heat from the floor to the room by convection and to the walls by radiation for maintaining at a floor temperature was obtained analytically. The heat for radiative heat transfer was much larger than the heat for convective heat transfer.

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In late years, it is hopes that utilization of waste heat for saving energy. Absorption cycle can drive with waste heat, but it have to transport heat energy because waste heat source and demand are generally located apart. Solution Transportation Absorption cycle (STA) is one of the heat energy transportation technology, and it has condenser and generator at heat source side, absorber and evaporator at demand side. In STA, heat energy is transported by solution, not chilled water and hot water or steam, so it is possible to transport heat energy longer than normal system. Conventional study of STA used H_2O-LiBr system. However, they have some problems that crystallization of LiBr, and impossible to get the heat energy lower than zero degree. Therefore in this study, the purpose is to simulation STA using NH_3-H_2O system, and to evaluate it, and compare it with H_2O-LiBr system.

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Using waste heat is important for saving energy. But, a heat source such as power plants and factories is often a long way from a heat demand such as towns and offices. "STA", Solution Transportation type Absorption heat pump is the heat transportation system based on the principle of absorption cycle. STA can transport the heat to the long distance. The purpose of this research is experimental investigation of thermal energy transportation by STA. Through the experiment of STA producing hot water, it was found that the output of heat and COP decreases about 10% when the solution is chilled to the ambient temperature.

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As the amount of CO_2 emissions from natural gas is less that other fossil fuels, the promotion of District Heating and Cooling (DHC) using natural gas as a main fuel is one of the promising solutions to the global warming. This study focused on the natural gas powered cogeneration systems in DHC and evaluated the retrofitting plan for the efficiency improvement. An evaluation program of DHC developed by authors was validated with approximately 1% error by comparison with annual operation data from an existing plant. It was shown that the retrofitting plan would achieve the reductions of primary energy consumption and of CO_2 emission by 24% and by 16%, respectively.

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Fuel cell system is expected to be useful for prevention of global warming and decrease in the usage of fossil fuels. Exhaust heat utilization is important to fuel cell system in order to improve the general efficiency to the maximum level. The study suggests that a room heating and slow melting system utilize the exhaust heat from polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) and aims at developing the novel heat utilization system Experiments on a prototype system were conducted to investigate the system performance. As there was little snow in the winter of 2006, not enough experimental results were available to fully evaluate the performance of snow melting system. Nevertheless, the results show the PEFC system with snow melting system is effective in snowy cold region; the heat demand of melting snow will improve the general efficiency of PEFC.

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The effect of power interchange operation of multiple household gas engine cogeneration units on the energy-saving is investigated using an optimization approach based on the mixed-integer liner programming. This paper numerically analyzes optimal operational strategies for 20 households and three types of household energy supply configurations: the power interchange operation of the gas engine cogeneration units, stand-alone operation of each gas engine cogeneration unit, and conventional energy supply system without the gas engine cogeneration unit. A numerical result clarifies the effectiveness of the power interchange operation from the energy-saving viewpoint and a dominant parameter for evaluating the energy-saving effect.

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Recently, the energy saving is requested from correspondence to the global warming issue in all fields. Especially, the amount of the exhaust of the heat-trapping gas of the public welfare section keeps increasing, and the correspondence of importance is requested. However, the operation results of the energy system have the current state of a lot of uncertain cases' there, and not obtaining information to contribute to the action of the energy saving as the realities. It is thought that it is effective to monitor operation information efficiently, and to do the analysis and the evaluation of the energy system based on the measurement data continuously in both the energy supply side and the demand side for a current improvement. Then, it proposed the energy saving based on the measurement data by actually proposing the energy monitor about a certain public welfare facilities, and doing the measurement diagnosis.

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