Water molecules on lipid membrane surfaces are known to contribute to membrane stability by connecting lipid molecules and acting as a water bridge. However, hydration dynamics near the membrane surfaces has been veiled. Here we investigate residence time statistics of water molecules on the surface of lipid membranes using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We show that hydration dynamics on the lipid membranes exhibits 1/f noise. Constructing a dichotomous process for the hydration dynamics, we find that the process can be regarded as a correlated renewal process where interoccurrence times are correlated. The result implies that the origin of the 1/f noise in hydration dynamics on the membrane surfaces is a combination of a power-law distribution with cutoff of interoccurrence times of switching events and a long-term correlation between the interoccurrence times.

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The mechanism of tire whirls which can result in huge damage in a large tire is not filly understood. The object of this paper is to reproduce tire whirls in the numerical simulation, in order to investigate tire whirls mechanism. FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) was employed for this simulation. And experimental research of outdoor fire whirls by Sekimoto and Kuwana was considered for numerical test cases. Two types of experimental conditions were set in FDS; one has L-shaped fire source, the other one has screen walls near fire source. Numerical simulation shows flame rising high in occasionally. Detailed investigation is a next issue.

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This study applies the technique of numerical scale-model experiment to a room fire. Scale-model (physical model) experiments of fire phenomena are often conducted because of difficulties in conducting full-scale experiments; a scale-model experiment must be designed based on scaling laws such that the model experiment reproduces the prototype phenomenon. A numerical scale-model experiment is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation whose condition (length scale and input parameters such as material properties and acceleration due to gravity) is determined based on scaling considerations. Because it is easy to widely vary parameters in a CFD calculation, numerical scale-model experiment is a powerful tool for testing the validity of proposed scaling laws. In this study, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) simulations are conducted to test scaling laws derived for a room tire with a focus on the buoyancy effect. It is confirmed that the well-known Froude-number modeling results in similar heat release rate histories under different conditions.

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We have experimentally investigated a medium-size pool fire of ethanol in a compartment with a natural and a mechanical-ventilation system. Special attention was paid to interaction between ventilation of compartment and a pool fire. The pool diameter was set to 600 mm, which caused the rapid increase in the compartment pressure just after the ignition. The negative pressure with mechanical ventilation, which is weaker than the pressure increase, restrained air supply with natural ventilation and resulted in the fire extinguishing due to lack of oxygen in the compartment. On the other hand, the negative pressure, which is much stronger than the pressure increases, sustained air supply and led to the oscillation of oxygen concentration and fire in the compartment.

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In the present study, the influences of flame propagation speed on the intensity of blast wave during unconfined gas explosions have been examined experimentally. The various scale tests of hydrogen/air deflagrations conducted. Results demonstrated the flame wrinkled and accelerated due to hydrodynamic instability with the flame scale and thereby the overpressure rapidly increased. In particular, the intensity of blast wave compared with the Peclet number defined as dimensional flame radius when the unburned mixture is combusted. The results of comparison show the dimensionless overpressure increased with the Peclet number, because of flame acceleration due to the hydrodynamic instability, as the explosion scale became larger.

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As the damage due to the explosion accident depends on the flame propagation speed, elucidation of the flame speed for a variety of condition is of importance in terms of "national resilience". Flame instability, which affects flame speed by disturbing flame area, is known to be promoting with increasing pressure. In this study, we investigate the effect of flame instability on flame propagation speed for various types of fuel, by investigating the characteristics of the propagation speed at elevated pressures.

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The flammability limit of flame spread over a solid material with opposed flow was investigated by scale analysis, and the result was compared with the experimental results by parabolic flight. The sample material was a PMMA sheet whose thickness was 125μm. In the scale analysis, the effect of both radiation loss and finite kinetics were included in the expression of non-dimensional flame spread rate. We derived the following equation for non-dimensional spread rate, η+1/Da_R+1/Da〜1, and assumed that the extinction occurred at η〜0. The developed model reasonably predicted the behavior of the flame spread near minimum limiting oxygen concentration (MLOC), but still underestimated MLOC.

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Dust explosions constitute a serious hazard in industrial facilities where dust is deposited in the layer. This paper presents a numerical investigation into the initial process of the dust lifting and dust combustion to examine the influence of the dust layer thickness. Three different dust layer thicknesses (1.0mm, 1.5mm, 2.0mm) were used. The movement of dust layer was simulated by MP-PIC (Multiphase Particle in Cell) method, where one particle represents a group of granules. The simulation results are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of flow distribution, gas temperature, and dust lifting height with a focus on the detailed comparison between the three different dust layer thicknesses.

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This paper describes numerical analysis on vented hydrogen-air deflagration. The numerical analysis target is 27 m^3 cubic chamber which has 2.6 m^2 vent area on the sidewall. Two different conditions of the hydrogen concentration are assumed, that is, uniform, and gradient. In the gradient case, the initial total mass of hydrogen in the chamber is the same as the uniform case. Also, three different ignition points are assumed, that is, rear, center, and front of the chamber from the vent. Only one peak was observed in rear ignition case, while some peaks appeared in the other ignition cases. The farther from the vent the ignition point became, the higher the peak pressure got. In the gradient case, the highest peak was lower than in the uniform case, though the initial total mass of hydrogen in the chamber was the same as the uniform case. This is because the amount of burned gas was smaller.

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In vented explosions induced by rupture of fragile parts of enclosure wall, large distortions of flame often occur. However, relations between the aspects of such distortions and physical conditions have not been so clear. In the present study, by using a small cubic explosion vessel with electric spark located near the fragile part, the effects of vent diameter on flame shape distortion and behavior were studied experimentally with keeping the rupture pressure constant. It was shown that large flame distortion occurs as the vent diameter increased enough and that there are relations between the aspect of flame shape distortion and pressure fluctuations.

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Flame spread behavior in closed space such a gallery is affected by the oxygen concentration. Assuming that a flame has aerotaxis, when oxygen concentration decreases, it can be expected that the flame would spreads in the direction of higher oxygen concentration. Experiments were performed in the gallery that branched pectinate and closed except the inlet and outlet. The flame spreads in favor of the route to the outside air when oxygen concentration in the gallery is less than 18 %. Therefore, the flame spread behavior in the gallery has aerotaxis.

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This work is devoted to examine the effect of melting behavior of polymer sample on limiting oxygen index (LOI), whose concept will be utilized to evaluate the safeness of the material bringing into the space environment, currently based on NASA-STD-6001 (TEST 1). Tested samples; PMMA are manufactured by different methods (casting and molding) to show different melting behavior. Relatively thin sample (thickness is 1 mm) is used to fulfill the present purpose. It is found that higher LOI is experienced when the melting behavior is pronounced. This fact indicates that melting sample does not give the conservative results and dripping behavior would generally pronounce the extinction. It would be interesting to model whether the same scenario would be applied to the microgravity environment where no gravity drug is experienced and molten phase grows substantially according to the time. Although the ripping-off disturbance does not exist, radiative heat loss from the surface is pronounced. With this regard, additional combustion mode (molten-layer-enhanced mode) must be taken into account for further modeling study. We will continuously discuss on this issue within JAXA FLARE project.

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Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) which has been used in Li Ion Battery (LIB) is known as a flammable material. As a basis for fire safety improvement of LIB, the effect of Organophosphorus Compound (OPC) addition to EMC has been determined. The result showed that extinction limit increased with increase in OPC addition, while the effect of OPC addition tends to saturate with increase in the amount of OPC addition. It was also found that addition of OPC caused increase in flame temperature and fuel consumption rate (FCR). However, when O2 concentration comes close to the extinction limit, the rate of temperature decrease to the O2 concentration decrease is large and resulting decrease in FCR with decrease in O2 concentration becomes larger with OPC than the case without OPC. This trend causes the higher limiting oxygen concentration with addition of OPC to EMC.

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An experimental investigation on the vacuum extinction method (VEM) has been performed using a methane-air diffusion flame as an extinguishing target. The blowoff probability has been measured by varying the vacuuming position to the flame and the vacuuming time from 10ms to 60000ms. From the results, it is possible to define the minimum extinguishing time, below which the blowoff probability does not show unity. Moreover, we can clarify the optimum position to extinguish the flame with the vacuuming extinguishment method.

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In the present study, to avoid water damage due to fire extinguishment, we are proposing utilization of liquid nitrogen for firefighting. To clarify the extinguishing effectiveness of liquid nitrogen on a diffusion flame, the blowoff experiments have been performed. In the extinguishing experiment, to reduce the amount of vaporization of liquid nitrogen and to avoid its scattering during the transporting process, a spherical capsule made of ice is used. The ice capsule filled with liquid nitrogen is dropped in free-fall from the height of 800 mm to the aluminum plate, in which the burner is embedded. The blowoff probability has been measured.

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Heat transfer fluctuation between fluid and solid has a possibility to cause problems related to wall temperature fluctuation, such as high cycle thermal fatigue of materials. Also, the heat transfer enhancement due to flow turbulence has a similarity to the mass transfer enhancement, which leads to "flow accelerated corrosion (FAC)" at downstream of an orifice in pipe flows. In order to avoid and/or predict these phenomena, the quantitative information is necessary on the spatio-temporal fluctuation of the heat transfer. In this work, a technique using high-speed infrared thermography was applied to measure the spatio-temporal heat transfer to a turbulent water pipe flow having an orifice plate (bore ratio d/D=0.49). The spatio-temporal distribution of the heat transfer coefficient was evaluated from the temperature fluctuation on the heated thin-foil measured using high-speed infrared thermograph (〜800 Hz). As a result, it was demonstrated that the quantitative measurement was possible using this technique, not only for the time-averaged heat transfer, but also for the spatio-temporal fluctuation.

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Forced convection transient heat transfer for helium gas flowing over a twisted plate with different length was experimentally and theoretically studied. The heat generation rate of the twisted plate was increased with a function of Q=Q_0 exp(t/τ) (where t is time, τ is period). Experiment was carried out for three kinds of effective length of 26.8, 67.8 and 106.4 mm at various periods ranged from 35 ms to 13 s and at gas temperature of 303 K under 500 kPa. The flow velocities ranged from 4 m/s to 10 m/s. It was found that average heat transfer coefficient becomes higher with the increase of flow velocity and decreases with the increase of plate length under the same period of heat generation rate. Numerical simulation results were obtained for average surface temperature difference, heat flux and average heat transfer coefficient of twisted plate and showed reasonable agreement with experimental data.

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Three-fluid heat exchanger having two thermal communications is divided into two types, normal three-fluid heat exchanger (Type-A) and two two-fluid heat exchangers (type-B). Using the domain map of two dimensionless heat capacity rate ratios, the optimum type is obtained, considering the difference in the inlet temperature ratio, NTU and the overall heat transfer coefficient. In Type-B, the optimum non-dimensional length of heat exchanger is connected with the inlet temperature ratio.

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The porous ceramic plate pressed a pattern of mini channel was manufactured for the development of newly application of Micro-Reactor. The dimension of channel was depth 2.0 mm, and widen from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm with gentle slope. The accuracy of dimensions, porosity and specific area of material were evaluated as a parameter of treating temperature. The estimations of pressure drop in channel and tree dimensional thermal distribution of material were also carried out respectively to obtain a catalytic surface of ceramic plate.

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In this work, we prepared Laurie acid based phase change nanocomposites with chemically functionalized graphene nanoplatelets and measured its thermal conductivity using transient hot wire method. We show that inclusion of graphene nanoplatelets increase the thermal conductivity of phase change material by 230 % at a loading of 1 vol %. Comparing the experimental results with the model calculations based on the effective medium theory suggest that graphene based nanocomposites outperforms those with carbon nanotubes or metal nanoparticles reported in the literature. High thermal conductivity, high aspect ratio and low thermal interface resistance at the graphene - host matrix interface makes it the most suitable nano filler candidate to enhance the thermal conductivity of low conductive materials.

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We prepared nanocrystalline bismuth-telluride based thin films with various film thicknesses by sputtering method. The temperature amplitude of the each sample was measured by using the 3-omega method at room temperature. By the analysis of film thickness dependence of temperature amplitude, the total thermal resistance of each sample was divided the thin film contribution into the interface contribution (thermal contact resistance). Finally, we estimate the thermal conductivity of the nanocrystalline bismuth-telluride based thin films without the contribution of the thermal contact resistance.

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The size effect on thermal transport property due to phonon boundary scattering was studied as controlling heat conduction and "thermal rectifier". We discussed on the thermal rectification effect from the calculation and measurement of asymmetric structured Si membranes. Heat conduction was calculated by using radiation calculation of ANSYS Fluent based on Boltzmann transport theory which is development of equation of phonon radiative transfer. And we measured temperature distribution of micro porous Si membrane by using infrared thermometry system which enabled microscopic measurement.

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Structure of silicon nanocrystal (Si NC)/semiconductor-polymer (P3HT) bulk heterojunction has been studied by using transmission FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Chlorine-terminated Si NC (C1:Si NC) and hydrogenterminated Si NC (H:Si NC) were investigated for this purpose. In the case of Cl:Si NC and P3HT blended film, the structure of thiophene, which provides the hole transporting path, is chemically modified. As a result, hole transport property was deteriorated. Additionally, surface doping efficiency of Si NC has been studied by analyzing performance of Si NC thin film transistor. The electron mobility is improved by hydrogen termination. The results suggest that the hybrid Si NC/P3HT bulk heterojunction solar cell performance is improved greatly by hydrogen termination.

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Highly-stable nanoscale gas domains that called nanobubbles and micropancakes at the solid-liquid interfaces have been widely studied for over a decade. On the other hand, boiling is applied to many industrial machines due to its high heat transfer coefficient. However, a very complex mechanism of boiling, especially bubble nucleation, is still not sufficiently understood. In the present study we adopted the high sensitivity atomic force microscopy measurement mode, frequency modulation atomic force microscope (FM-AFM), to investigate the influence of the solid-liquid interface nanobubbles on the bubble nucleation of boiling. It revealed the presence of very thin 0.1-0.6 nm thickness gas-phase that is different from the conventional nanobubbles.

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Micro/nanoscale temperature measurement is a key technique to understand the thermal transport of nanomaterials. In this work, we treat nanoscale temperature distribution of individual MWCNT using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and phase transition of metal nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are deposited on an individual CNT which bridges between Pt electrodes and are heated by Joule heating. Metal nanoparticles reach them melting point, and contrast change occurs in TEM images because of liquid-solid transition. Temperature distribution can be obtained as below or above the melting point. Spatial resolution depends on the size of nanoparticle and it's about 100nm.

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In recent years, the hyperthernaia using photothermal effect of gold nanorods (GNRs) has been highly attracted. In this research, we measured the temperature change in a GNRs suspension irradiated by a NIR laser beam based on laser-induced fluorescence, which was non-contact temperature measurement method. The temperature measurement of liquid in microscale domain can provide us an evaluation of the photothermal characteristics of GNRs and an estimation of GNRs concentration necessary to kill cancer cells. Experimental results clearly show that it is possible to evaluate photothermal behavior of GNRs solution under the light irradiation.

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This paper describes an investigation of the local mixing and chemical reaction in microchannel by using chemiluminescence to estimate the local chemical reaction rate. The chemical reaction in the micro-fluidic device is strongly affected by its mixing performance. In this study, the chemiluminescence is applied to visualize the local chemical reaction in the microchannel. The chemiluminescence intensity profile clearly shows the mixing layer at an interface between two liquids. The reaction rate constant was estimated from chemiluminescence decay measured by completely mixed area in the microchannel. The local chemical reaction profile can be estimated quantitatively from the chemiluminescence intensity profile.

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Surface reaction is widely used in microfluidic systems for sensitive detection of biomolecules. In this study, we demonstrated to generate and control flow by combination of an AC electrothermal (ET) effect induced by the electric property gradient of fluid due to nonuniform temperature under an electric field and a photothermal (PT) effect induced by the absorption of light energy. The temperature distribution generated by the PT effect would contribute to the electric property gradient, as a trigger for the ET flow. Several flow patterns which were controllable just by changing laser irradiation point was confirmed both by experiment and simulation.

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In this study, the result of correlative relation between the heat transfer and flow behaviours near wall region downstream of a backward facing step is presented. The instantaneous flow and temperature distributions are measured by using stereo PIV system (2D-3C) and the high-speed infrared thermography at the same time. Using this system, the unsteady flow behaviour in the xy cross section and heat transfer on the heated wall are investigated at Reynolds number of 3,670. In order to discuss the correspondence of the near wall flow and the heat transfer, cross correlation coefficient of instantaneous these distributions is calculated, and it seems that the forward and downwash flows enhances the heat transfer near wall region.

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Recently, a novel light field PIV technique that has less complexity of calibration is proposed. Light field camera uses a dense microlens array mounted in the vicinity of a sensor to record the spatial and angular distribution of light entering the camera. Using light field camera, the depth information of particles can be recovered by single camera that enables to develop a novel 3D3C PIV technique. The paper firstly demonstrates the volumetric reconstruction of particulate fields from a light field image using reconstruction technique called MART. The effects of the light field optics on effective spatial resolution, reconstruction quality are discussed.

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The application of image processing to the flow measurement has made great successes such as PIV. But, the demands for the three-dimensional measurement are growing. As holography can record three-dimensional structures, digital holography can be a good candidate for the three-dimensional measurement with a single camera. But, the commonly used in-line hologram suffers the influence of the zero order object beam. Several techniques, so-called "phase shifting", have been proposed to mask this zero order beam. In this study, the Doppler phase-shifting holography has been used to accurately calculate the three-dimensional shape. While this technique uses the Doppler phase-shift to extract the first order diffraction, the shift frequency gives the velocity of an object directly. This implies that the three-dimensional velocity can be measured together with 2-D PIV.

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A lifetime-based combined measurement of temperature and velocity had been proposed in the previous studies. Temperature sensitive luminescent particles were utilized as tracer particles of the particle image velocimetry. Temperature was estimated from the luminescent lifetime of particles. In the present report, an error analysis of velocity and temperature measurement in the combined method was done by using simulated images. As results, the accuracy of velocity measurement wasn't much affected by a small displacement of particles, number density of particles, excitation intensity and its non-uniformity. The temperature estimation was relatively affected by the large displacement of particles.

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It is necessary to point out leakage positions in a nuclear reactor containment toward a decommission of the Fukusima Dai-chi Nuclear Power Plant's severe accident. To detect those leakage, two sectorial array sensors are applied for ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP) method. Two UVP profiles from different positions and angles can produce two-dimensional flow vector map. An experiment with an outlet (and an inlet) was executed to confirm the 2-D flow vector mapping method. As a result, the outlet position was obtained using this method and it agreed with the real outlet position. Applicability of this method was confirmed.

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This paper describes the temperature measurement method using thermo-chromic liquid crystal. We investigated experimentally on the relationship between various wavelength spectrum of the scattered light and temperatures. It is found that the white LED light is better than halogen light. The intensity of scattered light is obtained using CMOS monochrome camera. The wavelength of scattered light is separated using band-pass filter. Results show that the measurable temperature range became wider with shorter wavelength, and its range width approached to more than 20℃. In addition, this range is become wider with resolution of temperature decreasing. However, the short wavelength of scattered light, 405 and 420nm, is not enough resolution of temperature at temperature measurement.

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This study presents a novel alternative technique that can achieve simultaneous two-dimensional temperature and velocity measurements in the gas flow. This method is combining phosphor thermometry and PIV operated by only one laser. The temperature distribution can be obtained from phosphorescence by using two-color method, and the velocity distribution can be obtained from two phosphor particle images which taken by the camera system in time series during the persistence of the phosphorescence. The measurement was demonstrated in two flow cases, i.e. a free jet and a impinging jet. The measured temperature and velocity were agreed with expected jet flow and impinging jet distribution, and also measured temperature showed qualitative conformance to the temperature measured by thermocouple.

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This study describes a non-intrusive measurement of the distribution of CO_2 and N_2 concentrations in gas mixture flow by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy for the development of a non-intrusive measurement technique in microscale gas flow. The relationship between CO_2/N_2 ratio and CARS intensity generated from CO_2 and N_2 was acquired. Concentrations of both gases were measured at ten different points in the flow channel where CO_2 and N_2 were mixed. The maximum standard deviations of measurement data of CO_2 and N_2 concentrations were 3.90% and 5.58%, respectively. It was shown that the measurement of the gas concentrations in a microscale region (2.5 x 2.5 x 44.5 μm^3) where CARS was generated was realized.

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Improvement of the oil recovery rate is important issue for carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO_2EOR); however, effective way to improve the efficiency of CO_2EOR is still not completely understood because of complexity of dissolution phenomena; swelling, reduction of viscosity and interface tension. In this study, mixing process of decane/CO_2 was observed under miscible condition, i.e. high pressure and high temperature. As the result, dissolution phenomenon was observed directly by injecting CO_2 into decane. Dissolution process of CO_2 in decane phase was also obtained by Raman spectroscopy.

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In order to measure temperature fluctuation accurately in a wall-bounded turbulent shear flow by a fine-wire temperature sensor, we have validated numerically-derived frequency response function and the effects of the velocity fluctuation on the dynamic response of the sensor. As seen in the near-wall region, if the velocity fluctuation is well-correlated with the temperature fluctuation, the temporal variation in time constant causes a bias error in the mean temperature measurement and a slight deterioration in the dynamic response to the fluctuating temperature. We have also appraised the accuracy of a response compensation scheme for the temperature measurements in a turbulent thermal boundary layer based on the present numerical analysis.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of the electrostatic potential at a liquid-liquid interface. The interfacial potential was measured by the nanoscale laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) using two fluorescent dyes whose concentrations change depending on the interfacial potential and the evanescent wave employed as an excitation light source. Two buffer solutions with different hydroxide ion concentrations were mixed in a T-shaped channel and the mixed solution formed an oil-water interface at the downstream. The significant change in the fluorescent intensity ratio due to the introduction of two buffer solutions was visualized as a distribution. The result showed that the electrostatic potential was varied spatially by the hydroxide ion concentration.

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A non-intrusive concentration measurement technique was developed to investigate the ion motion in mixed electrolyte solutions using coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microscopy. With this technique, several information of chemical specificity of molecular can be obtained from molecular vibrations with high sensitivity. In this paper, experiments were conducted with ammonium chloride and sodium sulfate solution, whose characteristic Raman signal were observed at 3400 cm^<-1> and 982 cm^<-1>, respectively. In order to obtain the relationships between ion concentration and CARS intensity, CARS spectra were measured at each characteristic Raman shift by adjusting excitation wavelengths. Moreover, ion concentration distributions were measured at the junction area of Y-shaped channel by applying the relationships.

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This paper presents the visualization of neutralization reactions of an acid (HCl) and a base (NaOH) in a microchannel. Increases in temperature and concentration of the products, caused by the neutralization reactions, are visualized by using the absorbance images at two wavelengths in a near-infrared region: 1412 nm and 1442 nm. Absorbance images at 1412 nm reflect the temperature increases because the absorbance increases with the elevation of temperature. Absorbance images at 1442 nm reflect the concentrations of the products because the absorbance is insensitive to the temperature but sensitive to the concentrations. The absorbance increment caused by heat generation is observed at 1412 nm and that increment caused by products, salt and water, is observed at 1442 nm, respectively.

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Authors propose a new technique that combines the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). We developed new hollow microcapsule tracers by doping temperature sensitive fluorescent dye. This method does not need to dissolve the fluorescent dye to the working fluid and quantitative measurement would be possible regardless of the conditions of working fluid. The hollow microcapsules show large temperature sensitivity of -1.7%/℃ and large oxygen sensitivity. In the present study, we demonstrated the visualization of oxygen distribution in a micro channel using the functional hollow microcapsules.

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In this research, non-intrusive imaging of concentration distribution was performed in the vicinity of a microchannel wall using total internal reflection Raman scattering excited by the evanescent wave. The Raman spectra of H_2O and D_2O are different due to the O-H bond and the O-D bond. The near-wall concentration of H2_O and D_2O were calculated from Raman intensities obtained from a mixing flow field in a T-shaped microchannel. The concentration distributions were successfully acquired at various flow rates by applying calibration curves which represent the relationships between concentrations and Raman intensities.

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This paper presents a novel method for reconstructing the temperature distributions of water around a small heated sphere and predicting the heat generation rates of the sphere. This method is based on the temperature dependence of the absorbance of water at the wavelength of 1150 nm. Absorbance images at 1150 nm were obtained when a 1 mm diameter steel sphere located in water contained in a glass cell with a light path length of 10 mm was heated by a 760 kHz alternating magnetic field. Inverse Abel transform is applied to the line profiles of the absorbance, and radial temperature distributions are reconstructed. The heat generation rates calculated from these temperature distributions well agree with induction heating power levels.

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Interactions among water, ice, and solute in a frozen organic solution play an important role in stability of the organic matter during cryopreservation. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate microscopic distribution of water, ice, and organic matters after freezing. A lysozyme aqueous solution was used as a sample with trehalose as a cryoprotective agent. The binary solution or each component solution was frozen in a microchannel on a directional solidification stage combined with a laser Raman microscope, and observed to obtain spatial distribution of C-H bond, O-H bond and Amide I band. Lysozyme in its solution was finely dispersed at highly subcooled areas, while formed condensed spots at the lower subcooled areas as a result of being rejected from ice crystals. Trehalose solution however showed the condensed spots even at the highly subcooled area. The binary solution also showed the distribution of solutes similar to the trehalose solution. The important feature was colocalization of trehalose and lysozyme, which might be favorable for preservation of lysozyme due to the cryoprotective effect of trehalose.

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The aim of this study is to develop an automated electro-piearcing injector for fish eggs which is able to import cryoprotectants efficiently. To align the sufficient number of fish eggs, an experimental device that allows fish eggs flow into each duct is required. The ducts were designed considering the calculated flow rates in the channels of the device. The existence of an egg alignment was inferred especially from the flow ratio of the branching part caused by the occlusion of fish eggs. Concerning both high and low occlusive duct, the experiments were conducted after producing a duct that arrays three fish eggs. By increasing the occlusive of the ducts by fish eggs, the calculating results suggested that the high occlusivity at the duct by egg widens optimal design range, because of high shunt flow ratio at the branch.

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To evaluate the effects of thermal therapy quantitatively, the variation of blood perfusion rate during prolonged heating was estimated by measuring heat flux. The abdominal heating controller was used as a heating device. A heat flux sensor was installed between the heating disk of the abdominal heating controller and abdominal area. When the surface temperature was around 43℃, the obvious and gradual increment of heat flux was observed. By assuming quasi-steady state, the time variation of blood perfusion rate was estimated by an analytical solution of bioheat transfer equation. The experiment was conducted to four subjects and the amplification of blood perfusion rate were confirmed.

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High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) was developed as a promising non-invasive treatment for cancers. However, in this treatment, the focal point is small to treat cancer. To overcome this problem, in this study, we proposed a new type of transducer to expand the heating area. First, we presented a new double focused transducer model for calculating pressure distributions. Second, calculated pressure distributions using a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method were presented. Third, a comparison of pressure distributions with the single focused transducer was discussed. From these results, it was found that the focal area was expanded using the double focused transducer.

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Heat and Moisture Exchanger with Filter is used to reduce the burden on the lungs of patients requiring general anesthesia or artificial breathing. Heat and Moisture Exchanger with Filter is obtained by accumulating the inside part of the heat and moisture contained in the breath of the patient, supplying the intake. I will report on the performance evaluation and test equipment that this time.

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Low-grade Thermal Energy Conversion (LTEC) is expected as a solution for global-scale energy and environmental problems. Using a multi-stage Rankine cycle is gathering attention as one of the methods to improve the system performance. On the other hand, even if total heat transfer areas of multi-stage and single heat exchangers are equal, pressure loss of multi-stage heat exchangers is larger than that of single heat exchanger. In this study, the pressure loss of multi-stage heat exchangers from the viewpoint of the net power of the power generation system, including the pump power for the heat source, is considered to develop an assessment method for LTEC using multi-stage Rankine cycle.

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