Using a sports commitment model that employs covariance structure analysis, this study focuses on practitioners of "Mama-san" volleyball and the factors in their continuance of the sport. We compare two models of the presence or absence of the "Drop out experience" .The results of the hypothetical models support previous studies and demonstrate the validity of the models. In the comparison of whether practitioners have a "Drop out experience" or not, the results confirmed the differences in the models. In order to have players continue "Mama-san" volleyball, emotional support such as "encouraging," "praising" and "expressing understanding" from those who have resumed their participation after dropping out can be important. In addition, the results suggest that similar support from others involved with "Mama-san" volleyball on a daily basis could help form their identity as a "Mama-san" volleyball player, and could lead to the implementation and continuation of the sport of "Mama-san" volleyball .

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Defensive Formations of Elite Men’s Teams against In- and Out-of-Systems in Volleyball The purpose of this study was to investigate defensive formations of elite men’s teams in volleyball. 200 occurrences of defensive formations in 6 games (Argentina vs Cuba, Poland vs Iran, Serbia vs Japan, Iran vs Argentina, Cuba vs Serbia, and Poland vs Japan) from the FIVB Men's World Cup Japan 2011 were analyzed by the Direct Linear Transformation Method. The results were as follows: (1) When the setter contacted the ball, there were no differences in defensive formations against any kind of attack. (2) Against quick attacks, there were no differences in defensive formations between the moment the setter contacted the ball and the spiker hit the ball. Against pipe attacks, back players moved back slightly. Defensive formations against attacks from the central zone (quick attacks and pipe) were 1-3 (one block and 3 diggers) at the moment the spiker hit the ball. (3) Defensive formations against side attacks were 2-4 (double block and 4 diggers) at the moment the spiker hit the ball. (4) In the top level of men’s volleyball, it is difficult to make double blocks against side attacks because the duration of the combination attacks (the time from when the setter released the ball to when the side attacker hit the ball) was approximately 1 second. (5) Against left (right) side attacks with combination attacks, left (right)-back players moved to the middle of the court, right (left)-back players moved to the sides of the court, and middle-back players moved to both sides between the moment the setter contacted the ball and the spiker hit the ball.

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“The V. League”, a volleyball league which is organized by Japan Volleyball League Organization, has two categories: “the Premier League” and “the Challenge League”. In this study, we hypothesize that spectators of matches have different characteristics in each categories. This study analyzed comparatively about the characteristics of spectators who attended the 2014–2015 V. League season held in Aichi Prefecture. The spectators were sorted into three categories : “the Premier Men’s League”, “the Premier Women’s League”, and “the Challenge League”. For all three categories, differences were observed in the spectators’ age range and gender ratio. Several Premier Women’s League spectators were from the Kansai and Kanto areas as well as from Aichi Prefecture, and many of these spectators had no experience of playing volleyball. While the motivation to watch for a large percentage of Premier Men’s League spectators was to see an exciting or high-level match, the motivation for a large percentage of Premier Women’s League spectators was to cheer for their team or players. For the Challenge League spectators, the motivation to watch was to interact and learn and because they had local pride. These findings indicate that differences exist in motivation for watching, attributes, and watching behaviors among the categories of spectators who watch V. League matches held in Aichi Prefecture.

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In the present study, we sought to obtain valuable knowledge for athletes, coaches, and staff seeking to enhance sporting performance by demonstrating the blocking tricks of two elite center position volleyball players who won multiple blocking awards in the V. Premier LeagueJapan’s leading volleyball league. Qualitative research helps clarify the inner workings of the subject’s mental state, and is therefore suitable for demonstrating the developmental mechanism and thought process responsible for blocking tricks in volleyball players. Qualitative research is also a suitable solution for bridging the gap between practice and theory that exists in quantitative research because it provides useful knowledge to athletes, coaches, and staff who want to learn more about actual sporting techniques. The thoughts common to the subjects of the present study were their awareness that they were short for their position (center), and that they had learned to solve problems in an appropriate manner. The subjects described the use of “cancel” and “release” blocking tricks as a way of enabling players to participate in blocking combination attacks including quick attacks, and the use of the “split step” as a way of blocking attacks other than quick attacks. The players also refrained from excessive use of the “hands up” blocking position, and when blocking with their hands above the net, they positioned their hands and fingers as close to the net as possible. Both subjects converted the possibility of the setter setting up a spike into clear numerical data in the form of percentages, and applied this information to effectively use their blocking tricks. By describing intrinsic volleyball tricks in words and visualizing them in chronological order with the use of diagrams, our study findings demonstrated the existence and locus of these techniques clearly and made them more teachable.

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The aims of the present investigation were:（a）to develop the method for three-dimensional space reconstruction using the simplified calibration in which already-known points like intersections of lines on a volleyball court and points on antennae are utilized as control points for calibration and（b）to investigate the accuracy and characteristics of the three-dimensional coordinates estimated by this method. Consequently, this method has characteristics as follows:（1）the method obtains less or equal accurate estimation in three-dimensional coordinates compared to a general calibration,（2）the accuracy of estimated X or Y coordinates in the position close to the outer border of the court is relatively lower than that in the center of the court,（3）the lower position close to the outer border of the court and the higher position in the center of the court indicate higher accurate estimated coordinates and（4）the position in an analytical area has an influence on the accuracy of estimated coordinates. Along with an understanding of the above characteristics in this method, the method using alreadyknown points is useful as a substitution of a general calibration without utilizing the positions in an analytical area where three-dimensional coordinates are over- or underestimated.

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The purpose of this study confirmed the relationship between a game result and a performance of the first transition against the first tempo and the second tempo attack in the combination attack after serve reception. The object was 28 volleyball games (a total of 91 sets) in the 2004 Spring Kyushu Intercollegiate first division League of Women’s Volleyball. Main findings were as follows: 1) In the first transition, it is important having 2 people blocking against the second tempo attack however the only one person blocking is enough for the first tempo attack. This finding confirmed to effect the outcome of the game. 2) In the first transition, the attack organizational skill after touching the ball while blocking against the second tempo attack effected the outcome of the game. 3) There was no clear tempo difference for the outcome of the game in the first transition. However there were large number of the third tempo attacks in the over all study. 4) In the first transition against the first tempo and the second tempo attack, the attack scoring ability effected the outcome of the game. 5) In the first transition, the third tempo attack against the first tempo attack, and the first tempo and the second tempo attack against the second tempo attack of the attack scoring ability effected the outcome of the game.

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The present study aimed to clarify the types and situations of play which are difficult for referees to judge by reviewing the results of video challenge system introduced in volleyball competition. The data analyzed were all the challenge requested from 76 matches in volleyball competition in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics. The success rate of challenges was calculated from the number of successful challenges divided by the number of challenges for each type of play. As results, the following findings were obtained: 1) The total number of challenges was 400 times, the number of successful challenges (i.e., the number of errors in referee’s judgment) was 163 times, and the success rate of challenges was 40.8%. There was no difference in these variables between men’s and women’s competitions. 2) The number of successful challenges and the success rate of challenges for the blocker’s ball contact were higher than those for the other types of play, suggesting that it is one of the most difficult judgments for volleyball referees to determine the contact between the blocker and the ball. 3) Regarding the judgment on the ball contact of the blocker, the frequency of judgment corrected from no touch to touch was larger than that corrected from no touch to touch. Regarding the judgment on ball in/out, the frequency of judgment corrected from ball out to ball in was larger than that corrected from ball in to ball out. The present study revealed the types and situations of play which are likely to be erroneously judged in volleyball competition for the first time. These findings would be useful for improving the technique of referees from the viewpoint of using visual information and for the future application of video challenge system in volleyball.

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