Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

Virulence characteristics of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli deletion of gene encoding the outer membrane protein X

Xianrong MENG, Xueling LIU, Liyuan ZHANG, Bo HOU, Binyou LI, Chen TAN, Zili LI, Rui ZHOU, Shaowen LI

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 28, 2016

p.1261-1267

Outer membrane protein X (OmpX) and its homologues have been proposed to contribute to the virulence in various bacterial species. But, their role in virulence of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is yet to be determined. This study evaluates the role of OmpX in ExPEC virulence in vitro and in vivo using a clinical strain PPECC42 of porcine origin. The ompX deletion mutant exhibited increased swimming motility and decreased adhesion to, and invasion of pulmonary epithelial A549 cell, compared to the wild-type strain. A mild increase in LD₅₀ and distinct decrease in bacterial load in such organs as heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney were observed in mice infected with the ompX mutant. Complementation of the complete ompX gene in trans restored the virulence of mutant strain to the level of wild-type strain. Our results reveal that OmpX contributes to ExPEC virulence, but may be not an indispensable virulence determinant.

ANTXR-1 and -2 independent modulation of a cytotoxicity mediated by anthrax toxin in human cells

Daisuke FUJIKURA, Kochi TOYOMANE, Kozue KAMIYA, Memi MUTOH, Etsuko MIFUNE, Miyuki OHNUMA, Hideaki HIGASHI

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: May 12, 2016

p.1311-1317

Several animal models have shown that anthrax toxin (ATX) elicits a cytotoxic effect on host cells through anthrax toxin receptor (ANTXR) function. In this study, compared with mouse cells, cells obtained from humans exhibited low sensitivity to ATX-mediated cytotoxicity, and the sensitivity was not correlated with expression levels of ANTXRs. ATX treatment also induced a cytotoxic effect in other cultured human cells, human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, that express ANTXRs at undetectable levels. Furthermore, ectopic expression of ANTXRs in HEK293 cells did not affect the sensitivity to ATX treatment. These findings suggest that there is an ANTXR-independent cytotoxic mechanism in human cells.

The use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for rapid identification of Mannheimia haemolytica

Andrzej PUCHALSKI, Renata URBAN-CHMIEL, Marta DEC, Diana STĘGIERSKA, Andrzej WERNICKI

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 24, 2016

p.1339-1342

Mannheimia haemolytica is the most important bacterial pathogen isolated from cases of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). Routine identification of these bacteria is usually performed using phenotypic methods. Our study showed that MALDI-TOF MS is a reliable alternative to these methods. All of the strains analyzed were identified as M. haemolytica. The identification results were compared to those obtained using conventional methods commonly used in microbiological diagnostics, based on detection and analysis of biochemical properties of microorganisms. The degree of agreement between the two methods for identifying M. haemolytica was 100%.

An improved loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis

Yumiko HIGA, Ryoko UEMURA, Wataru YAMAZAKI, Shinya GOTO, Yoshitaka GOTO, Masuo SUEYOSHI

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 24, 2016

p.1343-1346

We improved a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay permitting sensitive and rapid Mycoplasma bovis detection. A total of 55 bacterial strains were examined in this study, including 33 M. bovis strains, 14 non-M. bovis mycoplasmas and eight non-mycoplasma bacterial strains. M. bovis was successfully detected by the LAMP assay within 60 min without cross-reaction to any other bacteria. Furthermore, a total of 135 nasal swab samples were tested directly using our LAMP assays, the previously reported LAMP assay, conventional PCR assay without pre-culture and comparing standard culture methods. The improved LAMP assay showed sensitivity and specificity of 97.2% and 90.9%, respectively (with a kappa coefficient of 0.8231), and the sensitivity of our revised LAMP assay was increased compared to existing methods.

Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in rectal swab samples from Rousettus amplexicaudatus in the Philippines

Yuki HATTA, Tsutomu OMATSU, Shinobu TSUCHIAKA, Yukie KATAYAMA, Satoshi TANIGUCHI, Joseph S MASANGKAY, Roberto PUENTESPINA Jr, Eduardo ERES, Edison COSICO, Yumi UNE, Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA, Ken MAEDA, Shigeru KYUWA, Tetsuya MIZUTANI

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 25, 2016

p.1347-1350

Bats are the second diversity species of mammals and widely distributed in the world. They are thought to be reservoir and vectors of zoonotic pathogens. However, there is scarce report of the evidence of pathogenic bacteria kept in bats. The precise knowledge of the pathogenic bacteria in bat microbiota is important for zoonosis control. Thus, metagenomic analysis targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA of the rectal microbiota in Rousettus amplexicaudatus was performed using high throughput sequencing. The results revealed that 103 genera of bacteria including Camplyobacter were detected. Campylobacter was second predominant genus, and Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni were identified in microbiome of R. amplexicaudatus. Campylobacteriosis is one of the serious bacterial diarrhea in human, and the most often implicated species as the causative agent of campylobacteriosis is C. jejuni. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of C. jejuni in 91 wild bats with PCR. As a result of PCR assay targeted on 16S-23S intergenic spacer, partial genome of C. jejuni was detected only in five R. amplexicaudatus. This is the first report that C. jejuni was detected in bat rectal swab samples. C. jejuni is the most common cause of campylobacteriosis in humans, transmitted through water and contact with livestock animals. This result indicated that R. amplexicaudatus may be a carrier of C. jejuni.

Luteolin attenuates endotoxin-induced uveitis in Lewis rats

Kazutaka KANAI, Takuya HATTA, Sho NAGATA, Yuichi SUGIURA, Kazuaki SATO, Yohei YAMASHITA, Yuya KIMURA, Naoyuki ITOH

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 21, 2016

p.1229-1235

The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of luteolin on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. EIU was induced in Lewis rats by subcutaneous injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). One hr before the LPS injection, 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg luteolin or 1 mg/kg prednisolone was intraperitoneally injected. We investigated its effect upon clinical scores, cellular infiltration and protein leakage, as well as on the level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) E2 in the aqueous humor (AqH). Histologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis in the iris-ciliary body (ICB) were performed to determine the expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and then the activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, I kappa B (IκB)-α degradation, phosphorylated (p)-IκB kinase (IKK) α/β and activator protein (AP)-1 c-Jun. Luteolin suppressed, in a dose-dependent manner, the clinical scores, number of inflammatory cells, the protein concentration, and the TNF-α, NO and PGE2 levels in the AqH and improved the histiologic status of the ocular tissue. Luteolin suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 and the activated NF-κB p65, IκB-α degradation, p-IKKα/β and AP-1 p-c-Jun in the ICB. The anti-inflammatory potency of 10 mg/kg luteolin was as strong as that observed with 1 mg/kg prednisolone. These results demonstrate that luteolin attenuates ocular inflammation by inhibiting expression and release of inflammatory markers, along with the inhibition of the activated NF-κB pathway and at least partly AP-1 activity in the ICB.

Therapeutic anti-inflammatory effects of luteolin on endotoxin-induced uveitis in Lewis rats

Kazutaka KANAI, Sho NAGATA, Takuya HATTA, Yuichi SUGIURA, Kazuaki SATO, Yohei YAMASHITA, Yuya KIMURA, Naoyuki ITOH

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: May 07, 2016

p.1381-1384

The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of post-inflammatory treatment with luteolin on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg luteolin or 1 mg/kg prednisolone (Pred) at 4 hr post-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (200 µg) was associated at 24 hr post-LPS injection with decreased clinical severity scores, number of inflammatory cells, protein levels and levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) E2 in the aqueous humor (AqH) and degrees of histological ocular tissue injury. The anti-inflammatory potency of luteolin was comparable to that of Pred. Luteolin exhibited robust efficacy in the treatment of EIU in rats, indicating its potential clinical utility in treating uveitis.

Development of a blocking ELISA for detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection based on a monoclonal antibody against protein P65

Maojun LIU, Gaimei DU, Yue ZHANG, Yuzi WU, Haiyan WANG, Bin LI, Yun BAI, Zhixin FENG, Qiyan XIONG, Fangfang BAI, Glenn F BROWNING, Guoqing SHAO

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 14, 2016

p.1319-1322

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes porcine enzootic pneumonia, an economically important disease of swine. A more sensitive and reliable method for detection of serum antibodies is needed for epidemiological investigations and to evaluate the effect of immunization. We expressed the M. hyopneumoniae protein P65 in Escherichia coli and produced a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that bound specifically to recombinant P65. Using this mAb, a blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. The blocking ELISA had similar specificity to and sensitivity with the commercial ELISA produced by IDEXX. Thus, this blocking ELISA is a useful test for serological confirmation of M. hyopneumoniae infection.

Clinical and histopathological evaluation of 16 dogs with T-zone lymphoma

Noriyuki MIZUTANI, Yuko GOTO-KOSHINO, Masashi TAKAHASHI, Kazuyuki UCHIDA, Hajime TSUJIMOTO

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 21, 2016

p.1237-1244

Clinical and histopathological characteristics of 16 dogs with nodal paracortical (T-zone) lymphoma (TZL) were evaluated. At initial examination, generalized lymphadenopathy was found in all dogs, and peripheral lymphocytosis was found in 10 of the 16 dogs. At initial diagnosis or during the disease course, 8 dogs (50%) were affected with demodicosis. Immunohistochemical analysis for CD3, CD20 and CD25 was performed for 6 dogs with TZL; the tumor cells were positive for CD3 and CD25 and negative for CD20. Median overall survival time was 938 days. A watchful waiting approach was adopted for 6 cases (38%), and 5 of the 6 dogs were still alive at the end of follow-up. The clinical course of TZL in dogs is generally indolent; however, many cases develop a variety of infectious and other neoplastic diseases after the diagnosis of TZL.

Analysis of lipoprotein profiles of healthy cats by gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography

Hisashi MIZUTANI, Toshinori SAKO, Hiroko OKUDA, Nobuaki ARAI, Koji KURIYAMA, Akihiro MORI, Itaru YOSHIMURA, Hidekazu KOYAMA

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: May 07, 2016

p.1277-1281

Density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC) and gel electrophoresis are conventionally used to obtain lipoprotein profiles of animals. We recently applied high-performance liquid chromatography with a gel permeation column (GP-HPLC) and an on-line dual enzymatic system to dogs for lipoprotein profile analysis. We compared the GP-HPLC with DGUC as a method to obtain a feline lipoprotein profile. The lipoprotein profiles showed large and small peaks, which corresponded to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), respectively, whereas very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicron (CM) were only marginally detected. This profile was very similar to that of dogs reported previously. Healthy cats also had a small amount of cholesterol-rich particles distinct from the normal LDL or HDL profile. There was no difference in lipoprotein profiles between the sexes, but males had a significantly larger LDL particle size (P=0.015). This study shows the feasibility of GP-HPLC for obtaining accurate lipoprotein profiles with small sample volumes and provides valuable reference data for healthy cats that should facilitate diagnoses.

Changes in respiratory function in Pembroke Welsh Corgi dogs with degenerative myelopathy

Kanae OYAKE, Yui KOBATAKE, Sanae SHIBATA, Hiroki SAKAI, Miyoko SAITO, Osamu YAMATO, Kazuya KUSHIDA, Sadatoshi MAEDA, Hiroaki KAMISHINA

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 24, 2016

p.1323-1327

Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is characterized by progressive degeneration of the spinal cord. Although atrophic changes in the intercostal muscles were previously reported in the late stage of DM in Pembroke Welsh Corgis (PWCs), changes in respiratory function have not yet been examined. In the present study, we performed an arterial blood gas analysis and measured respiratory movements over progressive disease stages to document changes in respiratory function in DM-affected PWCs. We found that respiratory dysfunction progressed during the later stages of DM and correlated with a change in respiratory movement to the abdominal breathing pattern. These results suggested that hypoventilation occurred due to dysfunctional changes in the intercostal muscles and resulted in hypoxemia in the later stages of DM.

Pyoderma gangrenosum after trauma in a dog

Noriyuki NAGATA, Masashi YUKI, Ryota ASAHINA, Hiroki SAKAI, Sadatoshi MAEDA

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 22, 2016

p.1333-1337

A 12-year-old male entire Miniature Pinscher presented with excoriations at various body sites, progressively forming ulcers and enlarging until arrested by treatment. Based on the clinical presentation and histopathological analyses, sterile neutrophilic dermatosis was suspected. Therefore, the dog was started on prednisolone. Marked improvement was achieved with prednisolone treatment, suggesting a diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). Transcription levels of cytokine mRNA in lesional skin before and after treatment from this dog were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Transcription levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8 and IL-17A were higher in lesional skin before treatment than after treatment. Levels of various cytokines could be increased in lesional skin of dogs with PG as well as in human patients with PG.

Prevalence of food-responsive enteropathy among dogs with chronic enteropathy in Japan

Koji KAWANO, Hidekatsu SHIMAKURA, Noriyuki NAGATA, Yuki MASASHI, Akemi SUTO, Yukinori SUTO, Shohei UTO, Hiromichi UENO, Takehiro HASEGAWA, Takahiro USHIGUSA, Takashi NAGAI, Yasunori ARAWATARI, Kazuki MIYAJI, Keitaro OHMORI, Takuya MIZUNO

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: May 05, 2016

p.1377-1380

There have been limited reports on the prevalence of adverse food reactions among dogs suffering from chronic enteropathy (CE) in Japan. We examined the prevalence and histological features of food-responsive enteropathy (FRE) in a total of 32 dogs with history of CE. Fourteen of 18 cases (56.2%) diagnosed as FRE had lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis or eosinophilic enteritis by histopathological examination. Characteristic histopathological changes indicating FRE were not identified in 18 cases, though 4 cases did not show any abnormalities. Results collected from this study provided important information that can help to change the way dogs with CE are treated in the future.

Anesthetic effects of a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol on the production of offspring in Japanese field vole, Microtus montebelli

Atsuko KAGEYAMA, Atsushi TOHEI, Hitoshi USHIJIMA, Konosuke OKADA

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: May 26, 2016

p.1283-1291

Pentobarbital sodium (Somnopentyl) can induce surgical anesthesia with a strong hypnotic effect that causes loss of consciousness. Animals have been known to die during experimental surgery under anesthesia with Somnopentyl, causing it to be declared inadequate as a general anesthetic for single treatment. An anesthetic combination of 0.3 mg/kg medetomidine, 4.0 mg/kg midazolam and 5.0 mg/kg butorphanol (M/M/B:0.3/4/5) was reported to induce anesthesia for a duration of around 40 min in ICR mice; similar anesthetic effects were reported in both male and female BALB/c and C57BL/6J strains of mice. However, the anesthetic effects of this combination in Japanese field vole, Microtus montebelli, remain to be evaluated. In the present study, we assessed the effects of Somnopentyl and different concentrations of anesthetic combination (M/M/B:0.3/4/5, 0.23/3/3.75 or 0.15/2/2.5) in Japanese field voles, by means of anesthetic scores. We also examined effect of these anesthetics on production of offspring. Death of the animals was observed only with Somnopentyl. The anesthetic score of Somnopentyl was lower than those of the other anesthetics, although there were no significant differences in duration, body weight and frequency of respiratory among the evaluated anesthetics. Abortion rate with Somnopentyl was significantly higher than that with the M/M/B:0.23/3/3.75 combination, although there was no significant difference in the number of offspring between two. In conclusion, results of this study provide basic information for achieving appropriate anesthetic concentrations in addition to indicating a new, safe and effective surgical anesthetic for Japanese field voles.

Molecular cloning, phylogenetic analysis and heat shock response of Babesia gibsoni heat shock protein 90

Masahiro YAMASAKI, Yoshihiro TSUBOI, Yusuke TANIYAMA, Naohiro UCHIDA, Reeko SATO, Kensuke NAKAMURA, Hiroshi OHTA, Mitsuyoshi TAKIGUCHI

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 28, 2016

p.1355-1360

The Babesia gibsoni heat shock protein 90 (BgHSP90) gene was cloned and sequenced. The length of the gene was 2,610 bp with two introns. This gene was amplified from cDNA corresponding to full length coding sequence (CDS) with an open reading frame of 2,148 bp. A phylogenetic analysis of the CDS of HSP90 gene showed that B. gibsoni was most closely related to B. bovis and Babesia sp. BQ1/Lintan and lies within a phylogenetic cluster of protozoa. Moreover, mRNA transcription profile for BgHSP90 exposed to high temperature were examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. BgHSP90 levels were elevated when the parasites were incubated at 43°C for 1 hr.

Epidemiology of bovine hemoprotozoa parasites in cattle and water buffalo in Vietnam

Gayani WEERASOORIYA, Thillaiampalam SIVAKUMAR, Dinh Thi Bich LAN, Phung Thang LONG, Hitoshi TAKEMAE, Ikuo IGARASHI, Noboru INOUE, Naoaki YOKOYAMA

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 28, 2016

p.1361-1367

A PCR-based survey of hemoprotozoa parasites detected Babesia bigemina, Theileria orientalis and Trypanosoma theileri among cattle and water buffalo in Vietnam, and a new Babesia sp. closely related to Babesia ovata was detected in cattle only. In addition, Theileria annulata and Trypanosoma evansi were not detected in both cattle and water buffalo. Phylogenetic analysis detected T. orientalis MPSP genotypes 3, 5, 7 and N3 in cattle and 5, 7, N1 and N2 in water buffalo. Additionally, water buffalo-derived T. theileri CATL sequences clustered together with a previously reported cattle-derived sequence from Vietnam. This is the first report of a new Babesia sp. in cattle, and T. orientalis MPSP genotype 7 and T. theileri in water buffalo in Vietnam.

Abdominal hamartoma with pancreatic and hepatic differentiation in a sow

Nanako USHIO, James K. CHAMBERS, Kennichi WATANABE, Takuya E. KISHIMOTO, Jun-You LI, Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA, Kazuyuki UCHIDA

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: May 01, 2016

p.1373-1375

A 7-year-old Duroc sow exhibited emaciation, loss of appetite and rapid breathing, and was euthanized. Histopathological examination revealed mild to moderate fibrosis of the heart, cystic kidneys and ulcerative enteritis associated with Balantidium infection. Additionally, a small nodule was incidentally found in the peripancreatic fat tissue. The nodule consisted of disarranged cellular components: pancreatic islet cells (either insulin-, glucagon- or somatostatin-positive), pancreatic acinar cells, hepatocytes (human hepatocyte-positive) and ductal cells (cytokeratin 19-positive). Some of the human hepatocyte-positive cells were also positive for chromogranin A and cytokeratin 7, indicating that they were hepatic progenitor cells. The nodule was therefore diagnosed as hamartoma, probably originating from a fragment of the caudal verge of the liver bud, which contains hepatic and pancreatic progenitors.

Anti-tumor effects of perphenazine on canine lymphoma

Shunya TSUJI, Ryotaro YABE, Tatsuya USUI, Takuya MIZUNO, Takashi OHAMA, Koichi SATO

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: May 05, 2016

p.1293-1298

Lymphoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in canine. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a well-conserved serine/threonine phosphatase, plays a critical role as a tumor suppressor. Perphenazine (PPZ) is one of the phenothiazines and widely used as an antipsychotic drug. Recently, it is reported that PPZ directly binds with scaffolding subunit of PP2A complex and exerts anti-tumor effects on human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the effect of PPZ on canine lymphoma has not been studied. Here, we investigated the potential therapeutic role of PPZ and its molecular mechanism in canine T-cell lymphoma. In canine T-cell lymphoma cell lines, UL-1 and Ema, PPZ decreased cell survival in a dose-dependent manner. Increased caspase 3 activity and Annexin V positive cells suggested that PPZ induced apoptosis. PPZ dephosphorylated Akt, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. Akt inhibitor, but not MEK1/2 inhibitor and ERK1/2 inhibitor, induced cell death, indicating the importance of Akt dephosphorylation for the anti-tumor effect of PPZ. Finally, we observed enhanced PP2A activity by PPZ treatment. The present results for the first time revealed that PPZ induced canine lymphoma cells apoptosis through Akt dephosphorylation via PP2A activation. Our study suggests the possible therapeutic application of phenothiazines for canine T-cell lymphoma.

Change in viable bacterial count during preservation of milk derived from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis and its relationship with antimicrobial components in milk

Keiichi HISAEDA, Tomoko KOSHIISHI, Masako WATANABE, Hajime MIYAKE, Yukinori YOSHIMURA, Naoki ISOBE

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 24, 2016

p.1245-1250

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the change in the number of viable pathogens during preservation of milk obtained from cows with subclinical mastitis and the association between the decreasing ratio of viable bacteria during preservation and the somatic cell count (SCC) and the values of lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), lactoferrin (LF) and lactoperoxidase (LPO). After preservation of milk at room temperature for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hr, the bacterial colonies in the milk were counted to determine the number of colony forming units (CFUs). Fresh skim milk was used to determine the values of LAP, LPO and LF. Bacteria were not detected in 19.4% of milk samples, and this percentage increased up to 30% after 5 hr of preservation. The number of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis in milk did not change significantly during the 5-hr incubation, whereas significant decreases were observed in the number of coliforms, coagulase-negative staphylococci, yeasts and Corynebacterium bovis. High SCC significantly decreased CFUs of S. aureus and yeast after preservation of milk for 4 to 5 hr. High LF concentration in milk was associated with decrease in CFU of S. aureus during 4-hr preservation. These results suggest that the viable counts of some pathogens in milk decreased during preservation at room temperature after collection, which may be attributed to the leukocytes and antimicrobial components present in milk.

Age-dependency of the serum oxidative level in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8

Sakiko TANIGUCHI, Masakazu HANAFUSA, Hirokazu TSUBONE, Haruka TAKIMOTO, Daisuke YAMANAKA, Masayoshi KUWAHARA, Koichi ITO

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: May 01, 2016

p.1369-1371

Systemic oxidative stress is considered to cause aging. In this study, to estimate the oxidative stress level in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8), we evaluated serum reactive oxygen species production and reduction capacity by measurement of Diacron-Reactive Oxygen Metabolites (d-ROM) and Biological Antioxidant Potential (BAP), respectively, with age. SAMP8 showed earlier increase of d-ROM value with age than SAM resistant 1 (SAMR1), the control strain. The BAP level was the highest in adult SAMP8, whereas SAMR1 presented the sustained BAP values between ages. These results indicate that oxidative stress in SAMP8 is higher than SAMR1. Our study is the first detailed report about d-ROM and BAP in SAMP8 and will provide useful fundamental data for future aging studies.

Analysis of factors associated with hesitation to restart farming after depopulation of animals due to 2010 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Japan

Hazumu KADOWAKI, Taishi KAYANO, Takaharu TOBINAGA, Atsuro TSUTSUMI, Michiko WATARI, Kohei MAKITA

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 28, 2016

p.1251-1259

An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan, in 2010. This epidemic was controlled with culling and vaccination, and resulted in the death of nearly 290,000 animals. This paper describes the factors associated with hesitation to restart farming after the epidemic. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the mental health of farmers one year after the end of the FMD epidemic in affected areas, and univariate and multivariable analyses were performed. Of 773 farms which had answered the question about restart farming, 55.4% (428/773) had resumed or were planning to resume operation. The farms hesitated restarting were characterized by small scale (P=0.06) and having multiple sources of income (P<0.01). Personal attributes associated with hesitation to restart were advanced age of the owner (P<0.01), with someone with bad physical conditions (P=0.04) and small family size (P<0.01). Factors related to disease control during the epidemic that were associated with hesitation to restart were vaccination of animals (P<0.01), not assisting with culling on other farms (P<0.01), and higher satisfaction with information provided by the government (P=0.02). We found that farmers hesitated to resume farming because they had a limited labor force, had an alternative business or were mentally distressed during disease control.

Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method (LAMP) for pathogenic Leptospira spp. detection with leptospires isolation and real-time PCR

Duangjai SUWANCHAROEN, Busara SITTIWICHEANWONG, Anuwat WIRATSUDAKUL

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: May 06, 2016

p.1299-1302

Leptospirosis has been one of the worldwide zoonotic diseases caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Many molecular techniques have consecutively been developed to detect such pathogen including loop–mediated isothermal amplification method (LAMP). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of LAMP assay and real-time PCR using bacterial culture as the gold standard and to assess the agreement among these three tests using Cohen’s kappa statistics. In total, 533 urine samples were collected from 266 beef and 267 dairy cattle reared in central region of Thailand. Sensitivity and specificity of LAMP were 96.8% (95% CI 81.5–99.8) and 97.0% (95% CI 94.9–98.2), respectively. The accuracy of LAMP (97.0%) was significantly higher than that of real-time PCR (91.9%) at 95% CI. With Cohen’s kappa statistics, culture method and LAMP were substantially agreed with each other (77.4%), whereas real-time PCR only moderately agreed with culture (47.7%) and LAMP (45.3%), respectively. Consequently, LAMP was more effective than real-time PCR in detecting Leptospira spp. in the urine of cattle. Besides, LAMP had less cost and was simpler than real-time PCR. Thus, LAMP was an excellent alternative for routine surveillance of leptospirosis in cattle.

Canine tumor development and crude incidence of tumors by breed based on domestic dogs in Gifu prefecture

Satoshi KOMAZAWA, Hiroki SAKAI, Yusuke ITOH, Mifumi KAWABE, Mami MURAKAMI, Takashi MORI, Kohji MARUO

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: May 06, 2016

p.1269-1275

We analyzed the status of tumor development in dogs by breed based on tumor cases that presented to the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Gifu University for diagnostic examinations over eight years (2005–2012). We also calculated the crude incidence of tumors in dogs by breed based on the results of a survey conducted in 2011 in Gifu Prefecture. The most common sites of tumor development included the skin, digestive organs and mammary glands. Smaller dogs showed a tendency to have a higher incidence of breast tumors. We thus identified dog breeds with a higher crude incidence of tumors (Bernese mountain dog, golden retriever, corgi, etc.) and those with a lower crude incidence of tumors (Pomeranian, poodle, Chihuahua, etc.). Unlike the current trends for domestic dogs in the US and Europe, Japan has a higher number of small dogs as pets; it is therefore necessary to develop a policy for canine cancer specific to Japan.

Utility of ultrasonography for diagnosis of superficial swellings in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Khaled ABOUELNASR, El-Sayed EL-SHAFAEY, Esam MOSBAH, Sabry EL-KHODERY

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: May 16, 2016

p.1303-1309

We studied 72 buffalo with superficial swellings in the head (n=4), neck (n=5), chest wall (n=4), abdominal wall (n=28), limbs (n=16), gluteal region (n=8), perineal region (n=6) and udder (n=1). Ultrasonographically, the swellings varied according to type, duration, content and location. The clinical use of ultrasound to assess these superficial swellings allowed diagnosis of abscesses (n=21), hematomas (n=11), hernias (n=17), bursitis (n=13), urethral diverticula (n=6) and tumors (n=4). Ultrasonography could precisely discriminate each lesion type (sensitivity, 71–100%; specificity, 75–100%; odds ratio, 1.0–8.4; Confidence Interval, 74.2–20; and P value 0.001). The specificity for ultrasonographic evaluation of superficial swellings was 100% for hernias, urethral diverticula and tumors, whilst the lowest specificity was recorded for hematomas (75%) and abscesses (92%). In conclusion, ultrasonography provides a precise, non-invasive and fast technique for the evaluation, classification and subsequent treatment of a variety of superficial swellings in buffalo.

Clinical experience of MRI in two dogs with muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

Kija LEE, Sooyoung CHOI, Hojung CHOI, Youngwon LEE

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 28, 2016

p.1351-1354

This study described high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) characteristics of muscle-invasive bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in two dogs. Ultrasonography revealed a urinary bladder mass with ambiguous result about invasion to the muscular layer. Contrast-enhanced CT showed that the bladder wall in which the mass was attached was more intensely enhanced than the normal bladder walls, supporting invasion to the muscular layer. The mass revealed an intermediate signal intensity with interruption of the hypointense muscular layer on T2-weighted MRI and showed greater enhancement compared with the normal bladder wall on postcontrast T1-weighted images. T2-weighted MRI, postcontrast T1-weighted MRI and contrast-enhanced dual-phasic CT were useful for evaluating muscle-invasive bladder TCC in dogs.

Simultaneous subtyping and pathotyping of avian influenza viruses in chickens in Taiwan using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and microarray

Lih-Chiann WANG, Dean HUANG, Hui-Wen CHEN

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 18, 2016

p.1223-1228

The H6N1 avian influenza virus has circulated in Taiwan for more than 40 years. The sporadic activity of low pathogenic H5N2 virus has been noted since 2003, and highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza virus has been detected since 2008. Ressortant viruses between H6N1 and H5N2 viruses have become established and enzootic in chickens throughout Taiwan. Outbreaks caused by Novel highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses whose HA genes were closely related to that of the H5N8 virus isolated from ducks in Korea in 2014 were isolated from outbreaks in Taiwan since early 2015. The avian influenza virus infection status is becoming much more complicated in chickens in Taiwan. This necessitates a rapid and simple approach to detect and differentiate the viruses that prevail. H6N1, H5N2 and novel H5 viruses were simultaneously subtyped and pathotyped in this study using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and microarray, with detection limits of 10°, 10¹ and 10° viral copy numbers, respectively. The microarray signals were read by the naked eye with no expensive equipment needed. The method developed in this study could greatly improve avian influenza virus surveillance efficiency.

Survey for detecting persistently infected cattle with bovine viral diarrhea in Japan

Ken-ichiro KAMEYAMA, Misako KONISHI, Toshiyuki TSUTSUI, Takehisa YAMAMOTO

Released: September 01, 2016

[Advance Publication] Released: April 23, 2016

p.1329-1331

To establish effective and efficient control measures for bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in Japan, a pilot survey on persistently infected (PI) animals in dairy farms was conducted. A total of 5,949 cattle from 79 farms in 11 prefectures were tested; seven cattle in six farms were identified as PI animals. The proportion of farms with PI animals in Japan was calculated as 7.6% (95% confidence interval: 3.1–16.4%), and proportion of cattle tested as PI animals was 0.12% (95% confidence interval: 0.05–0.25%). The presence of only one or two animals in PI positive farms suggested the application of screening tests covering almost all cattle in each farm using pooled serum or bulk milk could be effective for implementing a large-scale survey for detecting PI animals.

Volume And Issue List Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Journal of Veterinary Medical Science Vol. 78(2016) No. 8 August

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Volume And Issue List
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science Vol. 78(2016) No. 8
August