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Article type: Photogravure
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
App6-
Published: December 28, 1983
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Daisuke SHIMOZURU
Article type: Article
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
331-335
Published: December 28, 1983
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Following the lidar observation by Kyushu University, Detecting high concentration of aerosols at the altitude of 17 km on 23 January, 1982, stratospheric aerosols became to be observed in the world scale at the end of January. The source o this aerosols has not been unknown till the sampling flight conducted by NASA. Afterwards, the chemical composition o the sample silicate particles was found to be similar to basaltic material, and since then, the source of the said mysterious cloud has been attributed to terretrial volcanic origin. Ultimately, an eruption of Pagan Volcano in early January, 1982, was suggested as the source. However the source problem has not been definitely settled. Meanwhile, on 28 March, the large eruption of El Chichon Volcano took place and intense stratospheric aerosol layer has been formed. Accordingly, search of the source of the mysterious cloud resulted in a fade-out. Needless to say, geoscientists are responsible for monitoring earthquakes and volcanic eruptions which occur at any place of the earth. Nowadays, earthquakes of magnitude larger than 5 are satisfactorily monitored by appropriately located seismographs. But, in case of volcanic eruptions, detectability of individual eruption seems to be insufficient. In this circumstance, we feel acutely the immediate reconsideration for searching the best suited technique to detect terrestrial volcanic eruptions on a world-wide scale. The current available techniques are 1) appropriate processing of available satellite data, 2) observation of acoustic energy propagating through atmosphere or ocean by infrasonic wave sensors or hydrophones, and 3) observation of atmospheric of stratospheric disturbance by radar or laser radar. This is the Spring Meeting of the Volcanological Society of Japan in 1983. In the following three review papers, infrasonic wave observation is not included. Therefore, an example of the infrasonic signals, generated by the April 8 1983 eruption of Asama Volcano, which were observed by a tripartite array, are briefly presented.
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Motokazu HIRONO, Takashi SHIBATA
Article type: Article
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
337-356
Published: December 28, 1983
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After a brief review of current theoretical works to estimate the climatic impact of volcanic activities, it is shown that the observation by laser radar is very useful to obtain important information of stratospheric volcanic clouds. The observed results of stratospheric aerosols by laser radar over Fukuoka for the period from November 1979 through March 1982 are shown in some detail. The transport and dispersion of eiecta from various volcanic eruptions are discussed. It is shown that significant increases of stratospheric aerosols occurred once every year. But the increase of the optical depth of the stratospere at the wavelength 0.55μm for the period is less than 0.01, which alone has negligible impact on the global surface temperature. During the period the average temperature in the northern hemisphere decreased by about 0.5℃. Possible casual relationship of the events is speculated.
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Yosihiro SAWADA
Article type: Article
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
357-373
Published: December 28, 1983
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Recently, images of eruption clouds have been well and frequently returned by artificial satellites such as NOAA, LANDSAT and GOES. Orbit satellites have a high resolution of images, but time intervals to get images are rather long for detection of on-going eruptive activities. Resolution of geosynchronous satellites is insufficient to detect small eruption clouds, but the images are routinely returned 14 times a day in case of GMS (Geostationary Meteorological Satellite), and this interval is effective to detect eruption clouds by rather big volcanic eruptions. In this paper, GMS images of eruption clouds by rather big eruptions of Alaid, Asama-Yama, Pagan, Soputan and Galunggung which took place in 1981-1982 are summarized. Detection of eruption clouds by satellite image is severely hampered by existence of atmospheric clouds around volcanoes, but ca. 10 km across and 6-7 km high eruption clouds are distinguished by GMS images under a good condition. Horizontal eddy diffusivity and thermal energy release by eruption cloud are estimated by the methods of GIFFORD (1959) and BRIGGS (1969), respectively. Then, the author tried to distinguish individual eruptions during the whole eruptive activities by inspections of changes of forms and density of eruption clouds in GMS images, and estimated the total thermal energy release of the whole eruptive activities of five volcanoes. Although these results should be correlated based on precise ground observation data of respective eruptions, it is suggested that there are possibilities to know the intensity of eruptions and to watch the variation of eruptive activities by analysis of eruption clouds from GMS images.
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Masakazu TSUCHIDE, Yasuo OHTANI
Article type: Article
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
375-394
Published: December 28, 1983
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Possibilities of submarine volcanic activities by means of thermal energy, discolored water and sound are investigated. Thermal energy detection is a very common technique for the search of ground volcanoes, and a few submarine volcanic activities are detected by the airborne thermal infrared thermometer. But there is no observation from satellites. LANDSAT sensor has a potential power to detect the thermal energy induced by the submarine volcanic activity, so it is a future problem to analyze the thermal energy based on satellite data. Discolored water can easily be detected by LANDSAT unless many clouds are contained in the image. Some LANDSAT images of Hukutoku-Oka-no-Ba and Hukuzin Kaizan seamount are shown here. Discrimination of discolored water from clouds can be made by comparison between band 4 image and band 6 or band 7 image, because the near infrared image of band 6 or band 7 contains no sea water (discolored water) information and shows clouds clearly, but the visible image of band 4 contains both cloud and discolored water information. The distribution of discolored water is a belt-like shape in general and its shape differs from those of clouds. This gives another key to discriminate between discolored water and clouds. Microwave sensor like SAR can detect the sea surface even in case of a bad weather condition, but there is no observation that microwave sensor detects discolored water, which is also remained as a future problem. Sound trapped in the sound channel can propagate far in the distance in the sea. Hence it is the most effective tool to observe submarine volcanic activities. It is very famous that Myozin submarine volcanic eruptions in 1952 were detected by SOFAR. 14 submarine volcanic eruptions were recorded in hydrophone (Missile Impact Location System) till 1974. Hydrophone can detect 1) earthquake T phases, 2) ship noise, 3) animal noise, 4) hydrophone cable strumming, 5) normal pattern of explosions (including submarine volcanic eruption), but discrimination of submarine volcanic activities from earthquakes seems to be very difficult and sometimes induced confusion.
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Hiromu MUKAIYAMA, Masato NAKAMURA, Masahiro INOUE, Tsuyoshi KIMURA
Article type: Article
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
395-408
Published: December 28, 1983
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The basic purpose of this paper is to reveal the Pliocene to Quaternary geotectonism of Northeast Japan using the Landsat images with geomorphological and geological data. The following conclusions are reached : a) Directions of tectonic lines which separated pre-Miocene basement into many blocks are NNW, NNE and NW. b) The tectonic lines of the Miocene predominate in NS, NNW and NW directions. c) Fractures of NW and NE directions have been formed since the Late Miocene and that of WNW one has been formed in the Pleistocene. d) Pleistocene and Holocene volcanoes distribute in the graben-like zones between two fractures of the Pliocene age, and the situations of the volcanoes correspond to the intersections of two fractures of NE and NW directions. e) Lateral movement of WNW or NW direction within the blocks of Backbone Range has been increased to form a westward curve of the Northeast Japan Arc. It seems that the movement began in Late Miocene and continued during Quaternary because many lineaments of WNW direction cut the Quaternary volcanoes. f) The Pliocene sediment along the Kitakami river increases its width of distribution southward, and many faults with NS directions dipping eastward exist in the Sendai Plain. These facts suggest the possibility of anti-clockwise rotational movement of the Kitakami Mountains. g) New grabens of NE directions distribute northward of the Kitakami Mountains and the Ishinomaki-Tyokaisan tectonic Zone with NW direction exists between the Kitakami Mountains and Abukuma Mountains. Based on these facts, it appears that the Kitakami Mountains has been remained as a rigid block and pressed the Backbone Range westward during the movement of the Plate with compressional stress from east to west.
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Shigeko TOGASHI, Naoki ISSHIKI
Article type: Letter
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
409-410
Published: December 28, 1983
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Haruo FUJITA
Article type: Letter
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
411-412
Published: December 28, 1983
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S. Ueki, M. Baba, K. Kaminuma, E. Koyama
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
413-
Published: December 28, 1983
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M. Baba, K. Kaminuma, K. Shibuya
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
413-
Published: December 28, 1983
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K. Aoki, T. Yoshida, Y. Nakamura
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
413-414
Published: December 28, 1983
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T. Koyaguchi
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
414-
Published: December 28, 1983
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Y. Nishida, H. Watanabe, I. Yokoyama, S. Paigunadi, H. Said
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
414-415
Published: December 28, 1983
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Y. Nishida, H. Watanabe, I. Yokoyama, S. Paigunadi, H. Said
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
415-
Published: December 28, 1983
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I. Yokoyama, T. Maekawa, A. Sudrodjot, H. Said
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
415-
Published: December 28, 1983
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N. Ando
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
416-
Published: December 28, 1983
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K. Ando, Y. Eifuku, K. Uhira
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
416-
Published: December 28, 1983
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K. Uto
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
416-417
Published: December 28, 1983
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Y. Sawada
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
417-
Published: December 28, 1983
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K. Nishi, K. Tazawa
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
417-418
Published: December 28, 1983
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T. Kagiyama, N. Gyoda, E. Koyama, H. Tsuji
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
418-
Published: December 28, 1983
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T. Kagiyama, H. Tsuji, Hm. Okada, S. Yamashita
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
418-
Published: December 28, 1983
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S. Aramaki, Y. Hayakawa, E. Koyama, H. Tsuji
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
418-419
Published: December 28, 1983
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E. Koyama, K. Kaminuma, S. Ueki
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
419-
Published: December 28, 1983
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T. Miyazaki
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
419-
Published: December 28, 1983
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M. Takeo, N. Hamada, K. Uhira
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
419-420
Published: December 28, 1983
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K. Uhira, M. Takeo, S. Kashihara
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
420-
Published: December 28, 1983
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M. Sawada
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
420-421
Published: December 28, 1983
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T. Takeda, N. Gyoda, E. Koyama, N. Osada
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
421-
Published: December 28, 1983
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N. Miyaji
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
421-422
Published: December 28, 1983
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J. Ossaka, J. Hirabayashi
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
422-
Published: December 28, 1983
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N. Yamada, S. Harayama, Y. Kasahara, K. Shikano, T. Danhara
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
422-423
Published: December 28, 1983
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W. Nakagawa
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
423-
Published: December 28, 1983
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M. Sumita, K. Endo, T. Kobayashi
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
423-
Published: December 28, 1983
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K. Yoshikawa
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
423-424
Published: December 28, 1983
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T. Kumagai, H. Takahashi
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
424-
Published: December 28, 1983
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I. Yokoyama, T. Maekawa
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
424-425
Published: December 28, 1983
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K. Notsu, S. Aramaki, H. Oshima
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
425-
Published: December 28, 1983
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Y. Takigami, K. Fujioka
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
425-
Published: December 28, 1983
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A. Takeuchi
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
426-
Published: December 28, 1983
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H. Sakai, K. Hirooka, A. Takeuchi
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
426-
Published: December 28, 1983
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K. Chihara, K. Shuto
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
426-427
Published: December 28, 1983
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S. Hayashi
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
427-
Published: December 28, 1983
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H. Metsugi
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
427-428
Published: December 28, 1983
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Y. Nishimura, H. Okada, Tulus
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
428-
Published: December 28, 1983
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H. Tomiya, Y. Nishida, Hm. Okada, H. Watanabe
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
428-
Published: December 28, 1983
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H. Fukazawa
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
429-
Published: December 28, 1983
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H. Okada, H. Watanabe, H. Tohmiya
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
429-
Published: December 28, 1983
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H. Yamashita, H. Okada, H. Watanabe, T. Maekawa, A. Suzuki, I. Yokoyam ...
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
430-
Published: December 28, 1983
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H. Kamata, H. Muraoka
Article type: Abstract
1983 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
430-
Published: December 28, 1983
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