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Kozo YUHARA
Article type: Article
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
129-141
Published: December 01, 1973
Released on J-STAGE: January 15, 2018
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When we discuss the tectonics based on the terrestrial heat flow, we must consider the hydrothermal system which is a heat transfer mechanism in the earth’s crust depending on the transport of water. This is more important in such areas having many hot springs as Japan (Figs. 1, 2). The hydrothermal system has a function of redistribution of the original terrestrial heat flow from the depths. If the hydrothermal system exists, therefore, it is possible that a high heat-flow region exists in the discharge area, and a low heat-flow region in the recharge area, even though there is no special heat source (Fig. 5). In this case, the excess of the conductive and conductive and convective heat discharge beyond the normal heat flow of the high heat-flow region must be equal to the shortage of the heat discharge below the normal value of the low heat-flow region. Meanwhile, if special heat sources are buried in the depth, the difference between the excess and the absolute value of shortage should come from the special heat sources. In Joban-Yumoto area, for example, any recent volcanic activity has not been known, there are large hot springs and their total heat discharge is about 4.1×10
7 cal/sec. If there was no special heat source in the depths, the extent of the hydrotherml system must be about 7, 000 km
2 wide. Otherwise, if the domain of the hydrothermal system is assumed to be a topographic basin (Fig. 4), the terrestrial heat flow under the hydrothermal system should have the value of 4.3 HFU. Another large extent of the hydrothermal system may exist in the south-westerm part of Hokkaido, where there are two adjacent areas of high-and low-heat flow, respectively (Fig. 6). Assuming the high heat flow area to be 2, 000km^2 wide, we can convert the conductive and convective heat discharges into the terrestrial heat flow of 6.3 HFU, which is composed of the mean value of the green tuff region, 2.6 HFU, the concentrated heat by the hydrothermal system, 2.2 HFU and the heat from the special heat sources, 1.5 HFU (Fig. 7). Generally, the values of heat flow redistributed by the hydrothermal system could be estimated if the areas of the system could be assumed. Then, we have laid a mesh with 20′×20′ lattices upon the map of Japan, and have assmed the area of this one square to be the area of the hydrothermal system for the hot springs within the square. And then, we calculated for 156 squares the quatients of the heat discharge divided by the area of the square. The quatients range from 0×10
-1 HFU to 39×10
-1 HFU, as shown in Fig. 8, and they are heat fluxes due to mass transportaion, that is, convective heat fluxes. Heat discharge from the ground surface can be expressed generally by the sum of heat fluxes due to conduction and convection. Therefore, in order to discuss the total heat flux, we have to add the values of convective heat flow to the ordinary terrestrial heat flow data. Finally, using such revised heat flow data, we can draw new contours of heat flow in Japan, as shown in Fig. 10. These contours are generally similar to that of ordinary conductive heat flow, but they may represent appreciably the anomalous thermal structures of Japan.
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Iwaji IWASAKI, Kazuhisa YAMAYA
Article type: Article
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
143-152
Published: December 01, 1973
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Amounts of materials and heat energy discharged from hot springs, one of volcanic phenomena, in Japan are discussed. More than 16, 000 hot springs (>25℃) are known in Japan at present (1972-3-31). About 5, 000 chemical analyses of these waters have been carried out mainly from the medical point of view. Chemical properties of hot springs obtained mainly from about 2, 500 of the reliable analytical data are given. Distributions of temperature, pH, residue on evaporation, chemical components, and also arithmetical mean value, and the central value of log-normal distribution of many components are shown. Total amount of water discharged from hot springs in Japan is more than 6.7×10
11 1/yr (6.7×10
14 g/yr), which is about 0.1% of rain fall. Amout of heat energy discharged is about 2.6×10
16 cal/yr (average temperature 50℃→average air temperature 10℃). Total amount of substances discharged by hot spring water is about 2×10
12 g/yr (2×10
6 ton/yr) (about 4~5% of that of rivers in Japan). Relation between amount of heat energy and amount of chloride ion discharged from hot springs is estimated to be about Cl=10
-8 ton/kcal, and by this relation the amount of volatile components discharged by volcanic eruption can be estimated.
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Tadahide UI
Article type: Article
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
153-168
Published: December 01, 1973
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A pyroclastic eruption of acidic magma took place at the mouth of Kagoshima Bay, southern Kyushu, 6, 000 years before present. The eruption consists of 4 stages represented by the following deposits, namely air-fall pumice (stage I), pyroclastic flow (stage II), thin bedded ash of pyroclastic flow origin (stage III) and air-fall pyroclastics composing mainly of volcanic ash (stage IV) in ascending order. Their volume, area of distribution, density and composition of essential ejecta etc are shown in Table 1. Data obtained from field study suggest the pyroclastic flow origin of stage II deposit (Koya pyroclastic flow deposit), however the nature of which are quite unique in comparison with pyroclastic flows of common occurrence. 1) Thickness of the pyroclastic flow is less than 2 m, whereas the flow distance attains to some 60 km from the source (Fig. 4). This is approximately 5 times longer than common pyroclastic flows of similar volume (Fig. 15). 2) Density of the essential pumice is much less than 0.5 and is smaller than that of common pyroclastic flows (Fig. 16). 3) Dune-type bedding, grading, local concentration of pumice are common feature in the deposit within an area 20-30 km from the estimated source. These characters suggest the possibility of either extremely delayed vesiculation of essential pumice or unusual deepness of magma chamber so that abundant hot juvenile gas was available for maintaining turbulence in the flow. Location of estimated source is now under the sea at least 10 km far from existing outcrops on land.
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Naoki ISSHIKI
Article type: Letter
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
169-170
Published: December 01, 1973
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Tadahide UI, Arata SUGIMURA, Keiichi SHIBAHASHI
Article type: Letter
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
171-172
Published: December 01, 1973
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Joyo OSSAKA
Article type: Letter
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
173-174
Published: December 01, 1973
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Y. Matsumoto, T. Nobaru
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
175-
Published: December 01, 1973
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M. Miyachi
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
175-
Published: December 01, 1973
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Group for seismic exploration in south Kyushu
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
175-176
Published: December 01, 1973
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T. Ui
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
176-
Published: December 01, 1973
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S. Taneda
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
176-
Published: December 01, 1973
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K. Kaminuma, M. Yamaguchi, F. Masutani
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
176-177
Published: December 01, 1973
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K. Kaminuma, M. Yamaguchi, F. Masutani
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
177-
Published: December 01, 1973
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A. Kubotera, M. Satomura, N. Sumitomo
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
177-178
Published: December 01, 1973
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K. Watanabe
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
178-
Published: December 01, 1973
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T. Soya, K. Ono, K. Okumura
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
178-179
Published: December 01, 1973
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N. Katayama
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
179-
Published: December 01, 1973
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J. Ossaka, T. Ozawa, Y. Ohira, T. Tomita, I. Minato
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
179-
Published: December 01, 1973
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K. Noguchi, K. Aikawa, M. Imahashi
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
180-
Published: December 01, 1973
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Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
180-
Published: December 01, 1973
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R. Yashima
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
180-
Published: December 01, 1973
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K. Mimura, K. Kobayashi, R. Maury
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
180-181
Published: December 01, 1973
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Y. Tanaka
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
181-
Published: December 01, 1973
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N. Isshiki
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
181-182
Published: December 01, 1973
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A. Suwa, M. Watanabe, Y. Miyamoto, K. Ogawa
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
182-
Published: December 01, 1973
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J. Ossaka, Y. Ohira, I. Minato
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
182-183
Published: December 01, 1973
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J. Ossaka, T. Ozawa, J. Hirabayashi, Y. Ohira
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
183-
Published: December 01, 1973
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I. Iwasaki, Y. Yoshiike, S. Yoshida, T. Ohmori
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
183-184
Published: December 01, 1973
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I. Yokoyama, Y. Norisugi
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
184-
Published: December 01, 1973
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T. Kanema
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
184-
Published: December 01, 1973
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M. Kasahara
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
184-185
Published: December 01, 1973
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Y. Oba
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
185-
Published: December 01, 1973
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O. Nakagomi
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
185-
Published: December 01, 1973
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H. Kurasawa, H. Fujimaki, Y. Katsui, Y. Oba
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
185-186
Published: December 01, 1973
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H. Matsumoto
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
186-
Published: December 01, 1973
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K. Aoki, S. Aramaki, H. Kurasawa, T. Konda, O. Oshima
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
186-
Published: December 01, 1973
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S. Aramaki, O. Oshima, H. Haramura, K. Aoki, H. Kurasawa, T. Konda
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
186-187
Published: December 01, 1973
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H. Ishikawa, H. Kurasawa, H. Shibata, A. Rapolla
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
187-
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K. Nakamura
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
187-188
Published: December 01, 1973
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J. Iriyama, Y. Kobayashi, T. Ohiwa
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
188-
Published: December 01, 1973
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Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
188-
Published: December 01, 1973
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S. Aramaki, T. Nozawa
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
188-
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S. Hiraga
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
188-189
Published: December 01, 1973
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Y. Sawada
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
189-
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I. Yokoyama
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
189-190
Published: December 01, 1973
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S. Ehara
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
190-
Published: December 01, 1973
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R. Sugisaki
Article type: Abstract
1973 Volume 18 Issue 3 Pages
190-
Published: December 01, 1973
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