While nuclear power has been one of the baseload energy sources for more than half a century in Japan, people have been enjoying its benefit without properly understanding the issues associated with

management of the high-level radioactive waste (HLW) generated through its use. Even if Japan chose to abandon or phase out nuclear power, it does not mean that the HLW which has already been generated would disappear, or that Japan could avoid the need to address the HLW issues. It is necessary to dispose of HLW safely without imposing adverse effects on human health or the environment. However, disposal of HLW is a challenge, due to people’s attitudes to the issues, often referred to as the “Not In My Backyard” or NIMBY syndrome. To overcome NIMBY, it is essential to ensure active citizen participation and to engage in constructive discussion and elaboration about the issues. Based on previous studies and publicly available documents, this paper examines Japan’s challenges associated with the public participation framework and communication throughout the HLW disposal process. The paper highlights matters related to government approaches and those of the HLW-disposal implementer, and addresses the major elements that need to be taken into account in societal consensus-building towards the proper management and disposal of HLW.

Domestic change of people’s place of residence is not simply a movement of individuals between two points. Instead, it can be regarded as a social phenomenon in which people migrate on the basis of the economic factors of the two regions. A typical example is urbanization, in which there is population concentration in a single area. It is an important research theme of the social sciences to clarify the economic factors that lead to population migration and the economic impact that migration has on both the area of origin as well as the destination.

Therefore, in this paper, I have overviewed earlier theories about population migration by dividing them into two: a conventional population migration theory based on neoclassical economics and a new

population migration theory premised on increasing returns based on spatial economics. Then, I showed that it is possible to explain that the over-concentration of population in Japan’s Tokyo is a result of the economics of urbanization based on increasing returns. I also demonstrated the necessity of an approach from the new perspective of the economics of urbanization in regard to the issues of economic development in developing countries. Further, I clarified issues regarding endogenous selection bias and the handling of population migration data in performing an empirical analysis of population migration.

From the minutes of Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare's approach to new face nurses, the reason that the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare was thinking of leaving a new face nurse's job was from one data surveyed by the Japan Nursing Association. Basic nursing education and the separation of clinical site were considered to be only one factor to quit work. MHLW is not currently pursuing other reasons for retirement.

This paper describes how Japanese language textbook explains the small word “Chotto”. This word has various meanings and diversified functions in a Japanese context. The original meaning of this word is the amount and extent, but also it is often used for these situations; making consideration of others, when referring to casual or informal actions. The former is euphemism used when declining an invitation, or making a request moderately. The latter is, for instance, saying “Excuse me”, or inviting to stop by somewhere casually like “Let’s have a drink.”

Accordingly, most of beginners do not learn the word “Chotto ” for negative evaluation. They don’t have an opportunity for evaluation in their class. However, learners listen the word “Chotto” in their interactions with

native Japanese speakers. It is suggested that foreigners should learn casual expressions of adverbs like “Chotto” through actual day to day conversations rather than through textbooks.