Hologram aberrations are introduced in the reconstructed wavefronts when the reconstruction geometry and/or the reconstruction wavelength are different from that used in construction. Interference patterns of the hologram aberrations can be observed by real-time or double-exposure holographic interferometry.
This paper describes the method for obtaining the interference patterns of the hologram aberrations and shows the experimental results. The results are compared with those calculated by the aberration theory for holograms. There is good agreement between theory and experimental results. Some unfamiliar interference patterns of the combined third-order aberrations and a fifth-order aberration were obtained by this method.

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In order to account for the color reproduction in fine detail of the color film, a model shown diagrammatically in Fig. 6 is proposed that makes use of (1) the optical diffusion for the lens-film combination, (2) the lateral chemical diffusion of development-inhibiting and development-accelerating reaction product known as the adjacency effect, and (3) the vertical chemical diffusion of them known as the inter-layer effect or the inter-image effect. The imput light distributions which are given as the exposure density distributions of the object scene are converted into effective exposure distributions by the convolutions of the input exposure distributions with the spread functions which characterize the lens-film optical diffusion and the lateral chemical diffusion. The effective exposures are converted to dye amount through the use of large-area H & D curves of the color film. The dye amounts are then corrected for the inter-image effects that involve the vertical chemical spread functions and the gradients, and dye amounts displayed fanally in three layers are obtained.
MTFs of inter-image effects, C (u), are defined between the dye amounts and the equivalent dye amounts which equivalent to the amount of inter-image effects in the other dye layers. The vertical chemical spread functions, j (x), are obtained from Fourier inverse transform of MTFs of the inter-image effects.
Computer simulations of color reproductions in fine-detail by the model are verified experimentally by the practical picture tests.

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We derived the general forms of the basic zoom equations of the mechanical compensation type system by using Gaussian brackets' techniques. We found that the zoom systems are distinguished into S-type system that first movable member is variator and T-type system that second movable member is variator, and that, if we introduce the new independent parameters converted from construction parameters of zoom system, the compensation equations of the both type systems become the same form theoretically. We also found that common equation can be applied for the zooming function of both focal and afocal systems. Starting with these basic equations; another classification may be obtained for mechanical compensation types, and it may be possible to position each zoom type in the succession.
For an application, we made the semi-automatic design program for optimizing the thin zoom lens system by this theory. In the last part of this paper, we showed two examples obtained by this program.

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Information given by computers can be most easily understood by graphically displaying it. Man's excellent ability in recognizing patterns plays an important role in instantly picking up all the useful features from the huge information.
We have recently developed a very efficient computer program for drawing perspective of a three dimensional surface, the hidden line problem being completely solved. The program is so clear and compact that it can be applied to so-called mini computers.
The outline of that software will be described with some practical applications in the field of optics.

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Grey's orthonormalization method (ORT method) was used in an automatic lens design program together with the damped least squares method (DLS method). A comparison was made with respect to the convergence efficiency of these two methods. Experimental results obtained are;
1) The influence of non-linearity should be taken into account in constructing a set of orthogonal axes. The ORT method is proved to be effective when the method is used with such a non-linear treatment.
2) At the initial stage of design, the DLS method is superior in efficiency, while the ORT method is preferable after a design by DLS method comes to a saturation point.

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