The wedding cake has a cultural background dating from ancient Rome which is assumed to be its origin. The wedding cake occupies a special position in which religious, social, and food culture are all reflected. Dramatic changes have occurred to the wedding cake with the development of an original Japanese style, although the wedding cake originally took root in Japan with the spread of manners and customs from the West. In this study, the wedding cake in Japan, Britain, and France is considered literature research and on-the-spot research in those countries. The Japanese wedding cake does not express a religious intention, but the bride and bridegroom's individuality can be expressed as one of the features of the wedding. This is linked to the diversification of Japanese weddings. A development in the wedding industry is that the people who influence the wedding cake are no longer only the bride and bridegroom and cake maker, but also wedding guests, the couple's parents, the bridal coordinator, and even the photographer and other media professionals. On the other hand, in Britain it relates to etiquette based on Christian culture, and the role of the wedding dress as a symbol of marriage. In France, its formal role is limited, rather its role is primarily as one of the dishes supplied in the bridal feast.

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Uirou is presently made from Rice flour, Wheat flour, Wheat starch and various combinations of these materials according to consumer tastes. It is known that Uirou's quality varies with rice flour particle size distribution, raw materials, heating conditions, and other factors. We made a report on the relation between raw materials and the taste of Uirou. In the present study, effect of combination of raw materials (1:1) on physical properties of Uirou was examined. Upon measuring of the mixture raw materials in sucrose solution, the order of setback value measured by Rapid Visco Analyser was found to be: Wheat flour and Wheat starch, Rice flour and Wheat starch, Rice flour and Wheat flour highest value to lowest, as was also the case for breaking strength. Changing the combination raw materials completely changed the physical properties of the Uirou. Rice flour and Wheat starch Uirou showed the strongest breaking strength and adhesive stress. Wheat flour and Wheat starch Uirou showed the weakest adhesive stress and adhesive strech. Rice flour and Wheat flour Uirou showed the weakest breaking strength. Mixed Wheat flour Uirou was yellow compared with other Uirou. The sensory evaluation results showed a preference for Rice flour and Wheat starch Uirou.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the global self-worth, domain-specific self-evaluation, and domain-specific importance for university students. The self-evaluations and importance were assessed physical appearance, athletic competence, and academic competence. The results showed the global self-worth and domain-specific self-evaluations were negative, for female. And, global self-worth was negative, for first graders. The physical appearance self-evaluation was strongly related to the global self-worth. It was suggested that the influence on global self-worth of domain-specific importance was different from domain-specific self-evaluations, by gender and grade.

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Poverty has existed throughout history and in all nations. Poverty in Japan came to public attention most notably during the turbulent years after the end of World War II. Since then, because of the rapid economic growth that Japan achieved, poverty was deemed to have been overcome and was no longer considered an issue. However, in the late 1990s, after the burst of the economic bubble in Japan, the issue of people on low income reared its head again in the face of the apparent increase in the number of people living in poverty and the widening gap between high and low income earners. Poverty and low income are relative conditions. This means that they have neither definitive concepts nor agreed definitions. In view of this, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare defines people on low income using taxation criteria, as" persons exempt from municipal taxes." This is the criteria used in the application of various measures relating to government welfare administration, and as such, de facto determines government actions affecting low-income earners in Japan today.

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The present study investigates when, where, and why subjectless sentences occur in English, a non-pro-drop language that normally requires a subject. To achieve this goal, 146 examples collected from multiple sources, such as flyers, advertisements, bulk emails, and so on, are examined from syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic perspectives. It is found that subjectless sentences occur more often with the present tense, main clauses, pronouns with immediacy (I, you, and we as opposed to s/he, they, and it), and verbs used on a everyday basis rather than those used in formal settings. The major function of subjectless sentences is found to lubricate interactions between participants. Based on these findings, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the phenomenon of subject deletion are proposed.

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Chemistry has its own tool of reasoning, indispensable to making sense of chemical observation, and to deducing the molecular mechanisms of the thus observed phenomena. Those conceptual constructs such as "the valency", "the chemical bond", and "the asymmetric carbon" are among the well-known examples, and worth detailed historical as well as philosophical analysis to understand the character of the chemical knowledge. The rapid expansion of the "chemical facts" on the one hand, and the relatively slower development of the tool of reasoning on the other, might be responsible for what is referred to as the "identity crisis of chemistry", epistemologically difficult situation of too much expanded research field.

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This paper deals with the Christian views on modern culture according to Reinhold Niebuhr's description about them in his famous book, The Nature and Destiny of Man. Niebuhr's views identify Christian interpretation of the Renaissance and the Reformation, which is different from the common understanding of them. Niebuhr makes it clear that modern culture was realized by the remarkable triumph of the Renaissance over the Reformation, but that the Biblical perspectives are retained even in modern culture. The Renaissance is understood as a spiritual movement affirming the limitless possibilities of human existence and rediscovering the sense of a meaningful history. The Renaissance idea can be traced back into the classical conceptions and Catholic rationalism. They were expressed in the perfectionism of Catholic mysticism and monasticism and became the basis of the Protestant pietism and the modern thoughts vindicating human progress, which were supported by the hope of Christian eschatology. In the 20^th Century people were confronted with the tragic realities of modern thoughts and exposed to the intellectual turmoil. To overcome this situation Niebuhr points out the importance of dialectically reconsidering the Renaissance and the Reformation.

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This is a Japanese translation and commentary of the Latin letters between Descartes and Beeckman written in 1630 & 1634. In two letters in 1630, Descartes criticized Beeckman vehemently, because the latter seemed to have boasted of teaching young Descartes to write the Compendium Musicae. But even if it may be true, Descartes' debt to Beeckman was too great to justify such an outrageous reaction.

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The political process has changed rapidly in Japan today, by power change in 2009. In this changing non-western country, we pay attention especially to Aichi prefecture where COP10 will be held in 2010. In this paper, I will treat two antagonistic Environmental Movements; anti Expo Movement and anti Toyota Test Course Movement, mainly in relating with politics and bureaucracy in the region. On the process of analyzing those cases, we will find a new concept of behavior named` Astroturfing'. The final goal of this paper is to consider the limitation of partnership view point on view point of.

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We conducted a survey to examine the trend regarding Web visitors. As a result, it was thought that an official homepage was important, and the ratio that knew the schedule of open campus days from the official homepage was more than 60%. It was that the official homepage was a fundamental tool in the selection of university.

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"Persona" is an effective method for producers of web sites to clarify the user image of their sites. Assuming that Persona can be utilized also in education or marketing field, we tried to make the persona based on the new students' survey at Nagoya Bunri University. As a result, we succeeded to create personas which reflect images of new students. The effectiveness of analysis using persona method was confirmed though there are necessities of examining its building process.

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Prevention of malnutrition and osteoporosis in the elderly is important in order to avoid a state in which they require nursing care. The aim of this study was to develop bread for healthy elderly people with consideration of nutrition and physical properties. The results of preliminary experiments showed the following. (1) Dry okara/no-salt miso powder bread, which contains a combination dry okara (8%) and no-salt miso powder (6%), was supplemented with powdered gluten (6%). As a result, the moisture retention ability of no-salt miso powder was increased, the specific volume was 3.8, and the percentage reduction in weight was 9.9%. Moreover, the lightness was almost the same as that of soft white bread made with strong flour only. (2) White bread with a combination of dry okara and no-salt miso powder has the properties of a more moderate texture than commercial white bread, high aggregability (0.83), and a texture that is easy to gather in the mouth. It also tends to contain more protein, dietary fiber, and calcium than commercial white bread, and less fat and salt. (3) In a sensory test of elderly subjects, dry okara/no-salt miso powder bread had glutinous (p=0.034), and tended to have good flavor (p=0.066) and overall evaluation (p=0.066). Dry okara/no-salt miso powder bread developed in this study showed a tendency for superior nutritional and physical properties for elderly people, and also tended to be liked for its taste.

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Regional economy has been stagnating since the lost decade. We think that regional brand is one means getting out of stagnation. Many regional brands are succeed but many ones are failure, although many regional brands are undertaken actually. Even Inazawa-city of our research area is starting on the regional brand. In our papers, we reconfirmed the significance of the regional brand, and point out that choosing food and information, promoters are important item in branding strategy. Also, I carried out the questionnaire of the consciousness that is related the present condition of regional brand and the regional branding strategy in Inazawa-city. We studied comparing the present conditions of the regional branding strategy in Inazawa-city with our research, and showed the direction of the regional branding strategy in Inazawa-city.

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Japanese made a radical change in our eating habit by the multiplicity and the globalization of food consumption after The World War Ⅱ. In addition to the above change, Japanese domestic food supply tends to decline due to decrease of farmland area and farmers. Therefore Japan now rely a substantial volume on imported food from other countries. As a result, self-sufficiency rate of food in Japan is declining to the worst level of 40% in calories, which might be possible food emergencies in near future. The background of the critical situation of food in Japan are mainly because of the increase of demand for the processed food made by the food service industry and the over consumption of animal protein in nutrition. In this paper, we study to find any measures to solve problems on food in Japan focusing on the food wastes amounting to 22 million tons per year, which are almost same volume as the total food import per year in Japan.

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