Current status of the modeling studies, in the research community of the global environment under the Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Committee, of long-range transport/transformation of air pollutants is described. Two kinds of acid deposition models are being developed. One includes detailed cloud microphysics and thus allows transport and transformation of hydrometeor phases' chemical species. The model is suitable for investigating the mechanism of acid rain formation. The other has simplified and empirical wet deposition processes and should be effective in estimating rough distribution of wet deposition over larger area. The simplified wet deposition model is applied to the pollutants transport caused by a series of typhoon events over East Asia and the Northern Pacific.

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Global environmental problems are the critical issues that are closely connected with the energy field. Our Energy & Civil Engineering Committee has since fiscal 1990 been working on a study of these problems from the perspective of energy and civil engineering at its Subcommittee on Environmental Technologies, to bring it to completion by the end of fiscal 1993 Activities of this committee are to look into the current status of global environmental problems, focusing on global warming, as well as to survey and analyze information about studies conducted by interested organizations both at home and abroad, relations between a long-term outlook for energy supply & demand and carbon dioxide emissions, and thechnical knowledge of global warming. The committee is also identifying a number of tasks related to the energy and civil engineering field and examining key tasks.

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An overview is presented for the current status of the Japanese and international studies. A research sub-committee has been organized under the Coastal Engineering Committee, JSCE, to study the global warming-related problems. Its activity covers the changes in the meteorological and sea conditions, impacts assessment for the coastal natural systems, in frastructures and socio-economic functions, and response strategies. Wide range of impacts are extracted in qualitative manner, and quantitative analyses are attempted for some areas. International efforts are also introduced focusing on the case studies of the vulnerability assessment lead by the IPCC Coastal Zone Management Sub-group and various newly started studies in the Asian and Pacific regions.

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Despite the important role of the ocean plays in the mechanism of global warming, a great deal remains unknown concerning its role, affecting the accuracy of the prediction. Because of this, oceanographic studies have become an important part of the activities for the prevention of global warming following the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. While its pollution is a serious environmental problem, the sea is also an important stage for the preservation of the wildlife species. The report gives an outline of the policies behind the activities of the Marine Environ ment Subcommittee and the expected future trends.The spilling of oil from stranded tankers, several cases of which have occurred recently, will be taken as a topic and discussions are made on the actual cases of such outflow, together with the latest trends in the countermeasures, techniques for predicting the flow of oil and structural improvements of the tankers.

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Growing desires and needs of humans are causing environmental problems which have expanded both in scope and scale over the past three decades. It is the mutual interactions between human activities and nature from that the environmental problems arise and therefore, these two constituents must be dealt with in one integrated system. Another recognition indispensable for coping with the problems which we are confronted with today is that technology alone can not provide the solution, but fundamental changes in our social and economic systems are required. Based on such thoughts, Environmental Systems Committee, one of the standing committees established within Japan Society of Civil Engineers, offers a forum for analysis and debate of dynamics of social-natural interactions with a view to achieving better harmonization between man and the environment. Its activities emphasize the responsibilities of man and the role of social systems for improved environmental planning and management. This paper discusses the future orientation of the activities of this Committee in response to the growing concerns over the global environmental issues.

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For a great part of energy, Japan is dependent on foreign countries. Thus, Japan is one of the countries which ultimately need nuclear power. Nuclear power is one of the clearest power sources from the viewpoint that it discharges a minimum of carbon dioxide through construction, operation and fuel processing. In this paper, presented are the recent trends concerning nuclear power generation in the world and in Japan, and the recent activities of the Nuclear Civil Engineering Commitee relating to the global environment.

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A prospective review on the contribution of hydraulics and fluid mechanics to various problems of global environment engineering is reported on behalf of The Committee of Hydraulics, JSCE. In the Committee, the Association for Global Environmental Hydraulic Research (AGEHR) has been organized to enhance researches of such important problems in hydraulic engineering. It is addressed strongly in this review that new research projects are nesessary to investigate the interaction mechanism between air and water surfaces in various water enviroment engineering.

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Many issues concerned with the global environmental problems have been pointed out. Especially, Some of them are related to the field of infrastracture planninng, and considered important in order to relieve the problems. For example, urban and/or transportation planning to save energy consumption, assessing environmental impacts caused by a regional development, and so on. But we did not take the problems into consideration, so we have not obtained much knowledge or developed proper methods. This report aims to review some papers presented recently at the related academic meeting, and to search how to develop the studies in near future.

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A framework of global use planning is discussed. The objectives of global use planning is to realize both the sustainable use of global environmental resources and the reduction of the human impacts on global environment through investigating more desirable uses of global environmental resources. Under the framework, land suitability analysis is conducted to extract lands for forest conservation and reforestation. Through the suitability analysis, the possible amount of carbon dioxide which can be fixed by reforestation is estimated. And it is demonstrated that the possible amount of crop production and that of carbon dioxide are in a trade-off relation. Finally, research topics to establish global use planning are reviewed.

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Global environmental problems are attracting greater attention of the public. Environmental management and its relationship to human development are in a period of dramatic change. In achieving sustainable development, a major transformation in the way we conduct our activities is inevitable. Such a transformation would include a critical reexamination of socioeconomic activities on a scale that might be called revolutionary, encompassing the behavior of industry, commerce and consumers, as well as the processes of production. Here, reform of our high-consumption lifestyles would be essential. Results of various opinion polls conducted recently suggest that a strong pro-environmental sentimentamong consumers and business leaders is emerging. It is part of paradigmatic shift occurring in society's orientation towards the environment. In spite of this, however, there are discrepancies between attitudes and actual behavior. This study explores such changing attitudes of Japanese citizens about economics and the environment. It also discusses the efficient means of providing motivations for environmentally favorable behaviors of the public.

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Global Human-Ecopoleis Panel Exhibition presented the declaration having six major actions. Recognizing human-being as a member of mutual symbiotic ecological life system, and establishing innovative civilization to have harmonized spiritual vitality of mankind with soundness of global ecological system, Utilizing natural resources being borrowed from future generations with justice and receiving equitably fruits and environmental services on the earth for our common welfare, Restructuring urban systems into those which are harmonious with natural cycle, and enabling human-being to live friendly with wild life in urban environment, Designing innovations in human life style, industrial systems and urban activities with integrated environmental consideration, and building up social infrastructure to transmit environmental stock to future generations, Organizing joint partnership among citizens, business sectors, governmental sectors and researchers to act for environmental conservation and sustainable development of urban, regional and global spheres, and Networking world-wide activities in global human ecopoleis on the basis of solidarity, mutual communication, justice and voluntary responsibility, and care for brilliant life on the beautiful earth.

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In the wake of today's mass urbanization, environmental issues havebecome a major global concern. The urban use of energy and resources has overloaded the environmental capacity of our city. The energy and resources metabolism of a city should be structured by using untapped energy and other methods so as to minimize it's self-imposed environmental burden. In this report, we define a model city adapting symbiosis and energy saving systems, and try to make rough estimate of the environmental improvement effects in the entire city.

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From the statistics of fossil fuel consumption from Rotty & Marland (1986) we know that its consumption has increased from the middle of the last century to the present with about 3% annually, with the present value of about 6.0GtC/year. On the other hand the atmospheric CO₂ concentration is 2.7GtC/year. But the sink of the other CO₂ concentration is not known, it is called as a problem of missing sink.
Many proposal to control global worming locally by fixing CO₂ concentration is presented. But the total balance of CO₂ in not cleared now.
In this study, using NDVI from NOAA-AVHRR data the capacity of CO₂ fixation on land is yield. After that the result from above is checked to the result of other studies. Andthe utilization of the map of CO₂ fixation is discussed.

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We have acquired a new concept by applying the ecological systems to cities, and named it “urban ecology”. Then we have established a new planning method to realize cities that will contribute to the global enviroment. This planning method is known as “ecological urban design”.
We have developed an evaluation system for city's environment to evaluate the planning properly. This system enable us to quantitatively and quickly evaluate plans during the initial planning stages. This prosess is conducted based on the following three criteria: a city's “self-sufficiency”, “livability” and “sustainability”. So that the planning can contribute to the global environment, this system makes it possible to improve the plan highly.

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The construction work is producing structures infusing a great amount of natural resources and energy. Specially, almost Civil Work is constructing big structures. It is very important that analysis of natural resources consumption, energy consumption, carbon emission and environment load generated by construction work. In this peper, using the 1985 Input-Output Tables, those effects that the civil work construction of differents type place upon environmental load such as materials consumption, energy consumption and carbonemission were estimated. Results of the analysis, main construction of civil structures, steel and cement expend much energy, issue much carbon emission whose loads on environment are large.

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This report examines expected construction demands arising from opportunities in the environmental market. In this report the environmental market contains eight segments: Hazardous Waste, Solid Waste, Sewer/Waste Water, Water Supply, Environmental Assessment, Pollution Abatement (Air), Energy, and Petrochemicals. These segments include traditional construction markets and emerging markets that played lesser roles in the past. When available, estimates are given for the size and scope of the domestic and foreign market segments. A questionnaire formed the basis of a survey that was conducted to learn more about the environmental construction market. The survey provides a look at the environmental market from the perspectives of construction firms and owners (i. e., owners of constructed facilities). The survey results and other research provide a content for analyzing the market as a whole, and for looking more closely at three emerging demand areas: hazardous waste, solid waste, and energy.

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Use of environmental resources in our economic systems takes two forms; one is their “direct” input as raw material and the other is their “indirect” consumption. This consideration is especially important for the use ofenergy as it is indispensable for all kinds of our economic activities while it generates CO2 and other pollutants that cause the impacts upon the environment. Energy consumption per unit gross national product in developing countries is much greater than that in industrialized countries such as Japan. Import and export of goods and services among nations can be regarded as an indirect flow of energy that is embodied in the traded goods and services. If such flow is taken into account, already existing disparity in the balance of environmental resource consumption between North and South might be further expanded. Similar arguments hold on the relationship among various regions or sectors in a country. This paper presents a general review of such consideration of environmental resource accounting or “ecological balance among nations”, regions and various economic sectors, and discusses our common but differentiated responsibilities required for the protection of global environment.

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Global policy making is essential for reduction of CO_* emission, especially the developing countries, they should obtain economic growth as well as CO₂ emission control. When Carbon tax is enforced in Japan, Japanese company will consider Carbon tax as one of their product's production cost. Thus, developing countries will have different effects due to those imported products from Japan. In this paper, CO₂ load of 408 products have been calculated using input-output analysis. The rising price of imported products and their effects on each countries have been estimated. The result showed that effects on countries with lower economic growth rate are more due to the enforcement of Carbon tax in Japan.

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Three recent studies have estimated the size of economic damage cost of global warming in the monetary term, which have the following common characteristics to be focussed upon. 1) All the studies are comprehensive in terms of damage categories. 2) All the studies have the broad agreement on the size of damage cost in US is 1-2% of GNP, although they considerably differ for the individual damage categories. 3) They have also the agreement on the methodology to measure the damage cost of each categories. This paper discusses the proper definition of damage cost and its measurement theory within the context of uncertain world by referring to the main results obtained by the three studies.

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Cold storage and transport system named “Solar J-Box” is suitable for low-cost cold-storage and transport of farm products in cold regions. This system is based on a new design concept to only use cold air and sunshine as operated energy. The ice made by cold air in winter is used as a coolant and the electric fan which is only moving machine powered by photovoltaic cells. This fan is used as air circulation for heat exchanging. This system is energy saving and ecological, because it is operated only by natural energy. On the other hand, this system takes account of transport system. To use an usual container with heat insulation treatment as each unit, it is able to transport without transshipment of stocks. This paper describes the outline, field test result of system and a questionnaire result of storaged farm products.

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This paper discribes serious problems of inundation and flood control works which are closely related to environmental conservation in Manila. In such low lying area, mitigation of inundation is also significant for local environment and sanitary conditions. As concrete examples, flood control system of the Passig-Marikina rivers and Laguna Lake and “Drainage Channels and Drains Retrieving Project” are explained. Based on the examples, suggestions on technical assistance in this field are also discribed.

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Lake Tonle Sap in Cambodia, is a tributary of the Mekong River and plays an important role of reservoir in the rainy season. This Lake, placed in center of Cambodia, has been bases of various industries such as agriculture, fishery, and transportation. Because forestry and agriculture arround the lake have been over exploited randomly during the long term war, sedimentation and eutrophication of the lake become serious conditions and the fishery has been dangered. This time we researched on (1) water quality, (2) fishery, (3) forest community and analyzed the environment and water resources.

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Improper management of human excreta and wastewater in urban areas of developing countries are causing serious health and environmental problems.It is urgently needed to work out practical planning methodology to develop proper sanitation systems within the framework of natural, economic and socio-cultural conditions of each developing country. Existing sanitation systems in the urban areas of Indonesia were reviewed as a case study and problems to be overcome were identified as the starting point for the development of planning methodology for stepwise improvement of human excreta and wastewater management systems.

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There are many natural factors affecting the water circulation and distribution in the surface of the earth, for instance, atmospheric circulation, geographical latitude and geomorphology etc. In terms of Tarim Basin and Jongalia Basin, they are far from ocean and surrounded with high mountains, so topography is very complicated.This has a great influence upon Tarim Basin and Jongalia Basin. During conveyance, the atmospheric water is gradually reduced and is stemmed by high mountains when air current reaches at these two basins. Therefore, the amount of rainfall is quite different in hillsides and regions.
Over-exploitation of water resuorces has caused the saltation of soil and lake water, more over decline of lekes. The carrying capacity of human activities in these basins should be clarified.

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Numerical computations on atmospheric environment around urban rivers were performed, in which a turbulence model proposed by Mellor-Yamada was employed.Some physical parameters required in the computation were specified using the data obtained in a field observation performed at Ara river in Tokyo. The velocity field, vapour and heat budget were reasonably simulated by the computation.It was also found that the increase of surface water temperature does not seriously affects the surrounding atmospheric environment.

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ASEAN countries' economic has been growing rapidly. In the process of industrialization, pollution problems become serious in the urban area of these countries. Japanese companies in ASEAN countries should transfer the technology of pollution control to help keeping the pollution regulation which is enforced by their respective governments. It seems to be a stumbling block in terms of machinery and materials preparation, machine design, machine management, operator education and treatment cost to the companies activities. In this paper, questionnaire and hearing were done on parent companies in Japan which have subsidiary textile company in Indonesia. Japanese companies which had pollution control experienced in own country could help to conserve the environment in ASEAN countries. The advanced technology transfer and operation with local stuff to educate operators on pollution control should be done not only ASEAN countries but also others developing countries.

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The prediction of pH of soil was studied by applied semiempirical model. The disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from cedar forest in Kumamoto, Japan. The soil type was Cambisol. The soils samples of horizin A and B₁ were used for laboratory experiments. The ANC (acid-neutraling capacity) and BS (base saturation) showed that 8.4meq/100g (24.7%) and 1.9meq/100g (7.7%) were found in A and B₁ horizon, respectively. The soils were watered with 0.5meq/l sulfuric solution (pH3.6) and with rainwater acidified to pH 3.6 and 3.0 using a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid. The graph of pH of soil solution and log (BS/(100-BS)) was plotted for disturbed soil samples, whereas pH and pAl for undisturbed soil samples. Both graphs statisfied the relevant linear regression equation used. The equilibrium diagram also showed that the data obtained can be fitted better with Al (OH) SO₄ curve. These data were used for calculation of pH of soil solution and depletion of BS. The simulated values agreed with measured ones that was conducted using sequance batch method in soil of A-horizon.

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In order to investigate the nonsteady characteristics of acid rain formation by SO₂-H₂O₂ absorption, a mathematical model has been built and a numerical simulation of acid rain formation has been carried out by finite element method. The model is based on diffusion of chemical species in a rain drop, pollutant mass trasfer between the air and a drop, dissociation of sulfur dioxide and oxidation of bisulfite ion by hydrogen peroxide. The simulation has proved that the concurrent washout of 50ppb sulfur dioxide and 0.1ppb hydrogen peroxide during 500m falling can acidify 0.1cm-diameter rain drop from pH5.6 to pH4.5 and that the oxidation effect of the atmospheric H₂O₂ (g) is not so important in the early stage of acid rain formation.

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To assess impact of emission from Sakurajima volcano on acid deposition in Japan, we performed trajectory analysis and Eulerian model simulations.The trajectories of plumes leaving from Sakurajima show a frequent transport over Japan islands during spring and autumn.Periodic passage of low pressure system is responsible for the transport.In addition, 40% of these trajectories pass over wet regions where pollutants in a plume are subject to wet removal by precipitation.The results from model simulations indicate that during spring sulfur dioxide emitted from Sakurajima volcano accounts for over 20% of the total sulfur deposition amount in western Japan.These results suggest that emission from Sakurajima volcano can play an important role in the acid deposition in Japan during spring and autumn.

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The surface water acidification caused by artificial acid materials has become significant in the United State and European countries since 1960s.On the other hand, the surface water acidification has not been observed yet in Japan. However, in order to estimate the long-term acidification of surface water, it is necessary to make an appropriate predictive method.The long-term effect of acid deposition in Japan should be predicted using a numerical model, which take into account neutralizing reactions in watershed reasonably.From the viewpoint of reliability and applicability, 4 previous models developed in the United State and Europe: ETD, MAGIC, Birkenes and ILWAS should be taken into account.However, all of these models have not been verified sufficiently on their runoff components, mineral weathering and forest submodels that require refinement in their applications to Japan.

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pH-values of the rainfalls sampled at Yokosuka city, Kanagawa Prefecture have been observed in about two years since May, 1991. In addition, by using liquid chromatograph apparatus, the chemical microanalyses for several anions of Cl^-, NO^-₂, NO^-₃ and SO^2-₄ were carried out on the some of rainfalls and snowfalls sampled at Kantou and Jyouetsu districts.Based on the observation of pH and results of chemical microanalyses, some discussions are performed about the real conditions of acid rain in Kantou and Jyouetsu districts and the anion-composition of rainfalls and snowfalls.Observation at Yokosuka city shows that the acid rain whose pH is less than 5.6 accounts more than about 70% frequency of all the rainfalls during 1992. The frequency of acid rain increases every year.It is also found that almost of the rainfalls and snowfalls at Kantou and Jyouetsu districts have the concentrations of NO^-₃ less than 5 ppm and SO^2-₄ less than 10 ppm.

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Located in an area where typhoons often pass, Osaka Area has long been subjected to frequent damage from surge disasters. If the emissions of the greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide, stay at current levels in the future, global warming will be significant in the 21st century, causing rising sea levels, climate changes as well as the changes of typhoon in strength and scale. It is clear that rising sea levels and changes of typhoons could directly affect high tides. We therefore conducted numerical experiments with depth-integrated shallow water equations to examine the effects of these changes upon high tide in Osaka Bay.

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To predict the behavior of typhoon tracks and the frequency of typhoon formations after global warming from a climatological point. of view, the relations between these typhoon properties and SSTs are investigated. Objective classification method of typhoon tracks is developed for the description of complicated tracks.
Composite charts of typhoon tracks during El Niño/La Niña events show that formation points are located more southerly during El Niño events. The existence of the most suitable SST range for typhoon formations is suggested by the correlation analysis on the basis of monthly mean data. It is showed by lagged-correlation analysis between annual frequency of formations and monthly SST anomaly that positive anomaly of high SST area is related to many intensive typhoon formations.

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The effects of grobal warming on geotechnical engineering are considered. Shown are the following three examples for accessing the vulnerability to sea level rise due to grobal warming as case studies:(1) decrease in bearing capacity, (2) increasing possibility of liquefaction and (3) decrease in slope stability.

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One of the worst impacts on the environment due to grobal warming is natural disaster. That is to say that natural disaster ocures as a consequence of grobal environmental disruption in this sense.
On this paper, some estimations of impacts due to sea level rise is shown whithin the coastal zone controled under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Trasport, and concepts and tools for coastal zone management is rearranged.

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“Vulnerability Assessment to Sea Level Rise and Climate Change” in coastal zones is one of the important research subjects to understand the influence of global warming on natural and social systems, and to establish appropriate responce strategies. A prototype database system, which offers all kinds of necessary information, is being developed to produce a core platform for the global or regional assessment for the vulnerability. This database system is designed to help evaluating the vulnerability in the whole Asian-Pacific region as well as each country from the various points of view.

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Anthropogenic production of nitrous oxide (N₂O) was estimated in prefecture or city scale in Japan. N₂O production occurring with (1) incineration of solid waste, (2) incineration of sewage sludge, (3) fertilizer, and (4) exhaust gas from automobile were estimated. Literature values of N₂O production from these sources were surveyed to choose the most relevant values. Type of incinerator, amount of burned solid waste or sewage sludge in plant were obtained from available statistics in the estimation. Amount of each type of fertilized sold in the region was used in estimation of N₂O from fertilizer. Fuel consumption data were used to estimate N₂O production from automobile. Contribution of fertilizer was as high as 50% of total N₂O production in Hokkaido, but its contribution was very small in major cities where incineration of solid waste and sewage sludge is the main source. Contribution of automobile was rather constant between city area and non-city area. N₂O production density per area had very large variation depending on density of population and other activity. Per capita N₂O production was rather constant. N₂O production and regional GDP had good correlation.

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Firstly, the authors examine how water demand will change according to the trend of global warming. Based on consideration of seasonal water demand, adequate scenarios are assumed to illustrate water demand amount and seasonal pattern. Then reliability of water supply by reservoir is investigated. Followed to this study, several aspects on water resources management policy are discussed with respect to global warming.

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Albedo effect of Arctic haze on climate was estimated through one dimensional energy balance climate model. Six types of global aerosol model were assumed in the atmospheric boundary layer: Arctic aerosol, Arctic surrounding aerosol, continental aerosol, maritime aerosol in Northern Hemisphere, maritime aerosol in Southern Hemisphere and Antarctic aerosol. Optical properties of each type of aerosol were calculated based on chemical characterization. Internal mixing aerosol seriously affects the climate in Arctic area. Doubling Arctic haze causes 0.3°C increase of surface temperature, whereas disappearance of Arctic haze causes 0.15°C decrease of surface temperature in Arctic area.

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We are now developing a comprehensive global environmental model, and this is one of the submodules focused on material transport via surface water runoff and ocean circulation. The model is composed with basinscale watershed runoff part and global scale ocean circulation part. Both are supported by a global scale geographical information system and organically connected with other modules. Though the submodules written here are in preliminary stage and expected to be refined by fine tuning effort, global environmental crisis of these day requires strongly such a detailed but comprehensive approach.

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ABSTRACT; In recent years, global warming caused by the increase of carbon dioxide, and marine pollution are attracting social attention as they exert a grave effect on the global environment and national life as well. Marine pollution caused by a petroleum tanker wreck in Alaska posed a major problem under such a background. To elucidate marine phenomena, about which little information is available as compared with atmospheric phenomena, the development of an ocean circulation model which indicates the movement of seawater throughout the ocean will make it possible to precisely grasp the movement of substances between the atomosphere and the ocean as well as in the ocean.
In this paper, the circulation model and its outlook are discussed, indicating that the modelling will become a useful means to elucidate the migration of CO₂ and the diffusion phenomena of oil, radioactive substances, etc.

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Japanese foods depend largely on foreign countries and domestic food supply is now no more than 30 percents if feedstuffs for livestocks are included. Therefore not only ecological/natural but also social, e.g. human activities related, transportation of fallout ⁹⁰Sr are to be taken into accounts for estimation of baseline internal irradiation dose and potential health risks of Japanese peoples through dietary intake of ⁹⁰Sr. Mathematical model is developed and examined for practical application on estimating Japanese dietary intake level of fallout ⁹⁰Sr for past 30 years.
The main results obtained in this study under the limited assumptions are as follows:
(1) The proposed model is promising for evaluating the Japanese baseline dietary intake of global radioactive fallout ⁹⁰Sr.
(2) Japanese dietary intake of ⁹⁰Sr depends mainly on vegetable foods. Almost 60% of Japanese dietary ⁹⁰Sr intake is now fed from foreign countries through foods import.
(3) Direct deposition coefficient of ⁹⁰Sr on agricultural plants is highly sensitive to the dietary intake for high deposition periods of fallout ⁹⁰Sr, and environmental decay coefficient is for low deposition periods. Transfer factor of ⁹⁰Sr through root uptake is sensitive for both periods.

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It is very important to investigate the global hydrological circulation and water budget in order to understand how the global changes affect the change of local water resources. The vapor flux convergence-∇_H·Q over the globe was estimated from the objective analysis data of ECMWF global analysis data for the period 1985 to 1988. Around 70 large river basins were distinguished, and they cover nearly 55% area of continents and they share around 75% of global annual river runoff estimated by atmospheric water balance from-∇_H·Q. Remaining meshes were also attached the location of river mouth at the nearest coast. The annual transport of freshwater to the ocean from both atmosphere and rivers were estimated by the geographical information of the river mouth and the basin boundary. The results showed good correspondences qualitatively with former estimates of the annual water balance (precipitation minus evaporation) in the ocean, and the amounts of freshwater supply from rivers were comparable to the amounts from the atmosphere. Annual water transport in latitudinal direction was also estimated. Transportation by the atmosphere and by the ocean have almost same absolute value in each latitude with different sign, and the water transport by rivers is around 10 % of them globally.

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In order to compare the theory or the parameterization of cloud physics and the phenomena occuring really in clouds, we have constructed the experimental facilities with quasi-prototype scale using a vertical long shaft, and some valuable data such as updraft velocity, temperature, mixing ratio of vapour, cloud particles, aerosol and rain drops and their vertical distribution have been observed. The occurance of clouds has been observed though video camera. In this paper, the data obtained in this facility is reported. Through the experiments, we found the new type of mechanism of the occurence of clouds. Finally we compared the above experimental results with the numerical solutions of the model of cloud physics proposed by Steaven and Hobbs.

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