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Article type: Cover
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
Cover5-
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Article type: Cover
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
Cover7-
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Kenichi TASAKI
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
61-68
Published: March 31, 1998
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One hundred and eight students participated in the experiment as subjects. There were nine subject-groups. K1, K2, K3, K4 and K5 were presented 48 Japanese Katakana letters, KL was presented 26 Katakana letters (the same as Loomis, 1990). A1, A2 and A3 were presented 26 upper case alphabet letters. Katakana letters were divided into 2, 3, 4 or 8 equal sub-sets in K2, K3, K4 and K5 respectively; alphabet letters were divided into 2 or 4 sub-sets. Each letter was presented once at each size (3.0, 5.5, and 8.0mm in height) to the right index-finger tip haptically. The hit rates of katakana letter were less than those of alphabet (p<.01). As the set-size grew smaller, the hit rate increased in both kinds of the letter (p<.01). The effects of letter-size were significant (p<.01) in any group. But, no significant difference could be found between hit rates of KL and those of K2. These results suggest that stimulus-set size should be considered a determinant in haptic recognition of letters.
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Yuri NINOSE, Jiro GYOBA
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
69-75
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Ninose & Gyoba (1996) found that delays occurred in recognizing test Kanji characters after 25 sec prolonged viewing of an adaptation Kanji and suggested that prolonged viewing may produce an adaptation effect specific to Kanji patterns. The present study examined whether the delays produced by prolonged viewing are independent from Kanji's orientations. When the adaptation Kanji was upright and the test Kanjis were rotated 30°, there were significant delays only when both stimuli were of the same pattern. However, such delays disappeared when the test Kanjis were rotated 90° or 180°. These results suggest that a Kanji pattern seems to be internally represented as a whole independent from its orientation to some limited degrees.
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Sumako HIRASHIMA
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
76-81
Published: March 31, 1998
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Cutting, Proffitt & Kozlowski (1978) suggested that center of moment (Cm) is the most important index for recognizing the gender of point-light walkers. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether or not the Cm is an important index even in the case of point-light runners. Japanese male and female students who had the different values of Cm (male 0.6/female 0.5), and who had the same value of Cm (0.55) were participated in this experiment for producing biological motion stimuli. The stimuli consisted of 11 moving dots which were generated by the motion of point-light runners. It was expected that gender recognition for point-light runners who had the same value of Cm (0.55) would be difficult. As a result, the correct responses rate for Japanese point-light runners was better than chance. But the correct responses rate for the female runners was significantly lower than that for male, regardless of the value of Cm. It showed that the Cm index does not have the same effectiveness for recognizing male and female point-light runners.
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Takahiro TAMURA
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
82-86
Published: March 31, 1998
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In this experiment which used "The Novel Label Task", 48 children aged five to six years were given a novel word for a target item (i.e. a dog). They were also given the instruction that animal could be classified to a specific category according to either; the feature of the internal parts of the body which relates specifically to the "animal" (e.g. "This has a spleen inside its body.") or the accidental feature which does not relate specifically to the "animal" (e.g. "This is hurt."). As a result, the categorization at superordinate level (animal) in the subjects who were given both instructions was facilitated. The results suggest that the recognition of features common to a category play an important role in the categorization at superordinate level. The categorization, however, in the subjects who were given the features on the internal parts of body was slightly greater than in the subjects who were given the accidental features. These findings suggest that the categorization at superordinate level in young children is affected by the recognition of features common to a category and the knowledge by which they able to understand the specific domain of the "animal".
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
87-
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Takashi MUTO
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
88-93
Published: March 31, 1998
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This paper presented the summaries of an theoretical framework which I have been constructing in recent years for the analysis of early childhood education settings. Adopting an ecological psychological point of view after J.J. Gibson, E.S. Reed, M.Sasaki, and others, main parts of development and education in young childhood were conceptualized to be the acquisition of affordances in the nearby environments. Young children repeatedly encounter with objects in the specific places of their immediate environments to form routinized activities which consists of affordances they acquire. But in any routine, some perturbations that are not covered by that routine occur, where a new routine might emerge. In order to analyze these processes, a qualitative episode analysis method was used. In this method, any prior category systems were not assumed. Instead, verbal description of actual operating system was pursued. From this framework, how to make an ecologically sound early childhood education was discussed.
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Yoshiaki NIHEI
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
93-99
Published: March 31, 1998
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Our observation demonstrated that behaviour of Carrion Crows Corvus corone using automobiles as nutcrackers has many variations. Variations of the nutcracking behaviour were considered to base on a general behavioral schema which consists of several variable terms. The aspects of learning of the nutcracking behaviour were described as the three modes of learning (schema formation, tuning, and accretion ) proposed in the schema theory of cognitive psychology (Rumelhart & Norman, 1978; Norman, 1982).
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Makiko NAKA
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
100-106
Published: March 31, 1998
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By modeling after the real-world cases, we investigated the variables that would affect the reliability of eyewitness testimony. Two case-studies were presented. In study 1, we examined the salespersons' incidental memory for a customer by simulating the case where an eyewitness (a salesperson) identified a customer (an alleged suspect) three months after selling the goods. The results showed that one is prone to pick up a false mug shot even though she/he remembers the incident well. In study 2, we considered the variables which might have affected the eyewitness testimonies made in Teigin Jiken, a historically well-known mass-murder. We simulated the situation where eyewitnesses were exposed to a number of photos before they finally identified a suspect. Although it is impossible to take in all the variables that might have had influence on a particular eyewitness testimony, it is necessary theoretically as well as practically to study the variables in the real world settings.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
111-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
111-
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[in Japanese], Karen De Valois
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
111-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
112-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
112-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
112-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
112-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
112-113
Published: March 31, 1998
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
113-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
113-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
113-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
113-114
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
114-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
114-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
114-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
114-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
115-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
115-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
115-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
115-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
115-116
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
116-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
116-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
116-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
116-117
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
117-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
117-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
117-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
117-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
117-118
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
118-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
118-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
118-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
118-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
119-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
119-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
119-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
119-120
Published: March 31, 1998
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
120-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1998 Volume 16 Issue 2 Pages
120-
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