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Article type: Cover
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
Cover5-
Published: March 31, 2000
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Article type: Cover
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
Cover7-
Published: March 31, 2000
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Takayuki SAKAGAMI, Takayuki MAKISE
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
129-138
Published: March 31, 2000
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Subjects usually prefer a free choice situation that consists of multiple alternatives to a compulsory situation that consists of a single alternative, even though all of these alternatives produce the same outcomes. However, some experiments showed that the free choice situation was not preferred when one of its alternatives provided inaccessible reinforcers because of very short reinforcement durations. We used as an aversive factor an alternative with uncertain (50%) reinforcement instead of a short duration. Seven pigeons were exposed to several conditions with concurrent-chains schedules. Under a condition where each of 2 alternatives in the free choice situation produced a certain (100%) or an uncertain outcome, 6 out of 7 subjects showed a strong preference for the compulsory choice situation when its single alternative produced a certain reinforcement. On the contrary, only 1 subject preferred the compulsory situation when its single alternative changed to provide certain and uncertain outcomes randomly. All of our results could be explained by comparing averaged values of reinforcers presented probabilistically in the free and the compulsory choice situations.
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Rina FUJIMOTO, Makoto MIYATANI, Naoki OKA, Kenshi KIRIKI
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
139-148
Published: March 31, 2000
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The present experiment explored the effects of relatedness proportion (the proportion of semantically related word-prime/word-target trials) on behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures of semantic priming. Fourteen undergraduates participated in the lexical decision task under conditions of low and high proportion of related pairs with an SOA of 1000ms. The results showed that behavioral (shorter reaction times for related than for unrelated targets) and ERP (the larger N 400 for unrelated than for related targets) semantic priming effects were greater when the relatedness proportion was high compared to when it was low. In addition, time course and scalp distribution of N 400 were different according to the relatedness proportion. These results suggests that different temporal and spatial patterns of neural activities contribute word recognition processes in high and low proportion conditions.
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Hiroyuki KANASHIKI
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
149-155
Published: March 31, 2000
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The purposes of this paper were two: First, to examine whether the item-specific information was processed in the encoding of Subject-Performed Tasks (SPTs), second, qualitative difference between the encoding of SPTs and of EPTs. To achieve two aims, two experiments were conducted to determine whether the additional information (a reason to act) facilitates the encoding of each action event. In addition, SPTs condition was manipulated as the imitation of the experimenter's action. Experiment 1, in which 60 subjects divided into four groups, tested the effect of additional information by the framework of experimenter-provided elaboration. Experiment 2, similar to Experiment 1, was carried out by the framework of self-generated elaboration. The results of both experiments were that the additional information facilitated recall performance in without-enactment condition, whereas did not facilitate in with-enactment condition. These findings might support item-specific processing theory of SPTs, and suggested that subject's action changed encoding process qualitatively.
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Masahiko HORIUCHI
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
156-164
Published: March 31, 2000
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An experiments consisting of 3 factors (propositions (14 kinds), the number of attributes (2 or 3 attributes) and tasks (selection and truth table)) were conducted in order to develop the psychological problems in Wason's selection tasks structurally. Out of the 16 two-term propositions, 14 propositions were used as rules in the questions. These propositions consisted of 4 conjunctives, 1 disjunctive, 3 conditionals, 2 biconditionals, and 4 one-terms. 36 students served as Ss, and each was given 56 questions according to the design of the experiments. The main results were as follows: (1) with respect to the prepositional factors, the conditional and biconditional ones were more difficult than others; (2) the factor of the number of attributes influenced only the conjunctive questions. It was concluded that analysis of data on complex conditions concerning the Wason' s selection was possible as long as a framework of comprehensive structural features of the tasks was understood clearly and accurately.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
165-
Published: March 31, 2000
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Shozo KOJIMA
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
166-172
Published: March 31, 2000
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In order to understand the biological bases of language, basic auditory functions, the perception of human speech sounds and species-specific vocal sounds was investigated in the chimpanzee. It was found that chimpanzees have a W-shaped auditory sensitivity curve which is similar to monkeys. They were sensitive to the first formant and the lower harmonic sounds of human vowels and vowel-like vocal sounds (grunts). Phenomenon of vocal tract normalization, the magnet effect, categorical perception and the context effect was reported. Early vocal development was also examined. It was found that chimpanzees and humans share the first two stages of the five stages of human vocal development, that is, the phonation and goo stages, but the chimpanzee infant did not pass the expansion stage and did not reach the canonical bubbling stages. It was suggested that it is difficult for the chimpanzee to have spoken language.
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Juro KAWACHI
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
172-176
Published: March 31, 2000
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Nowadays, the basic concept of the classical theory of aphasia, proposed by Wernicke in 19th century, is supported by many researchers in spite of the several counterarguments. One of the main objections against the classical theory claims that aphasia is the secondary effect of the disorder of conceptual thinking, but this argument is recently invalidated by the study of the deaf aphasic patients using ASL who show the dissociation between linguistic and nonlinguistic gestual systems. In this paper, the classical theory of aphasia is reevaluated from the view point of the basic physiological process of the brain.
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Hiroto KATORI
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
177-181
Published: March 31, 2000
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The author described behavior characteristics in children with severely retarded language, some of whom had lacked gesticular communication. The author also described the means of behavior modification for the children and analyzed the learning processes of the following perceptual and cognitive function; (1) facilitating and organizing visual orienting behavior-learning to see: (2) extracting and understanding contours in 2-dimentional representation-learning to understand pictures: (3) forming and organizing conceptual behavior-concept formation: (4) overcoming spatial/temporal distancing indirect situations, delayed reaction situations. Furthermore, the role of the sign/signal system in relating between cognitive function and communication behavior and the role of active feedback loop of motion in working memory was discussed.
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
185-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
185-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
185-186
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
186-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
186-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
186-187
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
187-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
187-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
187-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
188-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
188-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
188-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
188-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
189-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
189-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
189-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
189-190
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
190-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
190-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
190-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
190-191
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
191-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
191-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
191-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
191-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
191-192
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
192-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
192-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
192-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
192-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
192-193
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
193-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
193-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
193-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
193-194
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
194-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
194-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
194-
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
194-195
Published: March 31, 2000
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 18 Issue 2 Pages
195-
Published: March 31, 2000
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