Japanese Ra-gyôn (/r/ as liquid phoneme) was observed in this paper by using a static method of physiological phonetics called palatography and linguography. With this method, the place of articulation is determined from the palate or tongue with a mixture of edible oil and powdered coal. Regarding the difference between /da/ and /ra/, the manner of articulation, whether plosive or flap, was assumed to be determined according to the difference in the contact area of blade of tongue and alveolar arch. As a result, a relatively smaller contact area was successfully confirmed as a flap to distinguish the two. It was further confirmed that there are people whose /ra/ becomes a lateral and whose overall dorsum of tongue contacts the palate at the time of articulating /da/.

To investigate the visual processing of the abjad writing, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while four native speakers of Hebrew silently read the eight stimuli in Table 2. The results of our preliminary experiment (Ikeda et al. 2014) focusing on the potential of N170 were replicated only partially in this experiment, but we found that the stimuli with vowel points produced a larger potential difference between N170 and P250 than the ones without vowel points and that stimuli consisting of a single graphic unit produced a larger potential difference between N170 and P250 than the ones containing two units. These findings suggest that the potential difference between N170 and P250 reflects a physical quantity (with or without vowel points) and a cognitive quantity (the number of units) of a visual stimulus.

It was verified in this study whether or not an event-related potential (ERP) is involved in the lexicon with the same kana (Japanese syllabic) characters but with different meanings based on morphological analysis, such as “ikada: It is a squid / raft” and “koushi: calf / lattice.” A combination of lexicons with a different number of morphemes was presented to subjects on the condition of not being involved in case processing as visual stimulation, and based on comparison of potentials containing N170 and P250 components that are supposed to be performing pre-lexical processing from letter perception, whether or not morphological processing becomes a load and is reflected in the ERP was tested. As a result, N170 and P250 components increased in regards to O1, O2, T5 and T6. However, a significant difference in the potentials was not obtained between parts of brain as well as in regards to the difference in the number of morphemes. Because of these reasons, a particular load is not on morphological processing; therefore it is considered as not reflected in the ERP.