早期乳癌11例に対してQuadrantectomy, 腋窩郭清, 放射線療法を行った. 平均年齢は44.6歳で, 経過観察期間は7.1カ月であった. ステージI6例, ステージII5例で, 組織型は硬癌8例, 乳頭腺管癌3例である. リンパ節転移は4例(36.3%)に認められた. 現在まで局所再発, 遠隔転移を認めない.
全割切片による組織学的検索が行われ, 主腫瘍の周囲に多数の癌の播種を認め, 乳癌の多中心性発生が示され, 放射線治療の必要性が考えられる.
心理テストが乳房温存療法群, 乳房切断術群に対して行われた. 両群とも不適応, 抑うつ, 不安, 緊張に関しては同じような値を示しているが, 乳房温存療法群は過敏状態を示し, 乳房切断術群は怒りの感情が強かった.

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The finite element method has successfully been employed to investigate thermal behavior in metal machining. The present paper concentrates on cutting temperature which is affected by thermal properties of work and tool materials, and the coefficient of heat transfer of a coolant. The use of a high-thermal-conductivity tool such as diamond is more effective to reduce the rake temperature than the use of a coolant. This tendency becomes more obvious when a low-thermal-conductivity material such as titanium alloy is machined. However, the cutting edge of a high-thermal-conductivity tool is subjected to an increased mechanical load due to a temperature drop in the work and chip materials; the increase of flow stress causes the cutting energy required in the deformation zone to rise. The rake temperature predicted based on the shear plane cutting model is in fairly good agreement with the experiment, though there exist some limitations of the temperature analysis using the model.

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宝石サンゴは日本が主要産出国である数少ない天然資源の一つである．本研究では，宝石サンゴの炭酸塩骨格に対して大型放射光施設SPring-8における放射光蛍光X線分析を適用して，微量元素の組成と二次元分布像を明らかにした．37.6 keV，50 μm角の励起X線を照射した点分析により，骨格中における主要元素のCa，Srに加えて，Ba，I，Mo，Sn，Mn，Zn，Cd，Brの10元素が検出された．マッピング分析においては，Ca及びSrは骨格全体にほぼ均一に分布するのに対して，Ba，I，Moは成長輪よりも微細な粒状構造を示すことが分かった．日本近海産アカサンゴ，地中海産ベニサンゴ，小笠原及びミッドウェイ産深海サンゴの骨格中に含まれる微量元素組成を比較した結果，Ba及びCdについては，各宝石サンゴの間で骨格中の濃度が異なる傾向が得られた．海水中におけるBa及びCdの濃度に応じて骨格中の成分組成が変化したと考えられる．これらの微量元素は，宝石サンゴの種や産地を同定する指標としての役割が期待される．

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The joint strength and the joint interfaces between electroless Ni-P plating and Sn-Ag solders ,as replacement solders for the eutectic Sn-37 Pb, were investigated. The joint strength between Cu plated by electroless Ni-P and Sn-3.5 Ag and Sn-3.5 Ag-(8, 9, 10) In decreased after annealing at 373 K, 398 K and 423 K. The effect of Zn addition to Sn-3.5 Ag and Sn-3.5 Ag-8 In on the joint strength and thickness of reaction layers was investigated. The joint strength of as-joined interfaces between Sn-3.5 Ag and Sn-3.5 Ag-8 In and electroless Ni-P plating increased by 1 % Zn addition and decrease of the joint strength was inhibited by 1 % Zn addition after annealing. The joint interface between Sn-Ag solders and electroless Ni-P plating consists of Ni_x-Sn_y and P-rich reaction layers. It was found that the decrease of the joint strength relates to the growth of these reaction layers. The growth of these reaction layers is inhibited by 1 % Zn addition.

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This paper proposes an evolutionary model for automatically generating artificial creatures of various shapes and colors according to insect ecology. This model offers a novel way to naturally evolve the shapes and colors of artificial creatures. The evolutionary model used in our research is based on Genetic Algorithms(GA). In this paper, artificial Computer Graphics(CG) creatures develop into various shapes and colors according to the evolutionary model. Later, they can be used as CG animated characters. This model also solves the problem of reducing the time and labor cost for mass production of various characters. It could be used in such areas as the cavalry battle scene in Disney's animation, "Mulan." Our approach has two steps. At first, artificial creatures move according to information gathered from the five senses. This information is also used for generating the shapes of the five sense organs[1]. Then, based on the GA, evolutionary model[2], we prepare prototype creatures, which evolve into various shapes and different colors in alternating generations. Finally, our evolutionary model successfully generates various character shapes and colors automatically.

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We previously investigated the effects of an aqueous extract of maté (mate) tea, made from the leaves of Ilex paraguariensis, on the diabesity and metabolic syndrome features in a mouse model. Mate induced significant decreases in body weight (BW), body mass index, and food intake (FI). In this study, to verify the mode of action of mate on FI and consequently on BW, we examined the anorexic effects of mate on the appetite and satiety markers glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and leptin in high-fat diet-fed ddY mice. GLP-1 is a peptide signal generated by the gastrointestinal tract, which regulates appetite and influences BW, whereas leptin is an afferent signal from the periphery to the brain in a homeostatic feedback loop that regulates adipose tissue mass, thus leading to decreased appetite and FI and increased energy expenditure. Chronic administration of mate (50, 100 mg/kg) for 3 weeks significantly reduced FI, BW, and ameliorated blood fats, liver fats, and adipose tissue. Mate induced significant increases in GLP-1 levels and leptin levels compared with the control. Acute administration of major constituents of mate showed significant increases in GLP-1 levels by dicaffeoyl quinic acids and matesaponins, and significant induction of satiety by caffeoyl quinic acids and caffeine in ddY mice. These findings suggest that mate may induce anorexic effects by direct induction of satiety and by stimulation of GLP-1 secretion and modulation of serum leptin levels.

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An inverse analysis approach using the finite element method has been proposed to determine the energy balance or the energies flowing into a tool, workpiece and chip per unit volume of material removed in two dimensional machining. Once the energy flow rates are obtained, a three-dimensional temperature distribution for complicated tools such as an end mill can be analyzed easily and efficiently. The method proposed has been employed to clarify the effect of thermal properties on the energy balance. The energy flowing into the tool is most enhanced when a low-thermal-conductivity workpiece is machined by a high-thermal-conductivity tool with a coolant: wet turning of a titanium alloy by a diamond tool is a typical case. It is found that temperature change of a carbide square end mill in titanium machining ranges from 400 to 800°C at a cutting speed of 314 m/min because of a low energy flow rate into the tool of around 0.04 and the cooling action by a coolant. The suitability of the present method has been confirmed numerically and experimentally.

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Department of Applied Physics, The National Defense Academy / Nomura Securities Investment Trust Management Co. Ltd. / Ricoh Co. Ltd. / Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University / Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio UniversityIn order to examine thermophysical properties and cycle analysis for a nonazeotropic mixture of the Refrigerant 22 (CHClF₂) + Refrigerant 114 (CClF₂CClF₂) system, an equation of state coupled with empirical mixing rules was formulated based on the available PVTx measurements taking thermodynamic consistency into consideration. The developed equation of state is expressed by the Helmholtz function as a function of temperature, density and composition, and is effective for a range of temperatures from 250 to 500K and of pressures up to 10MPa, which corresponds to the density range up to the critical value. With the aid of the proposed equation, the cycle analysis on the heat pump and refrigeration systems was theoretically carried out, and it became clear that the Refrigerant 22 + Refrigerant 114 system is promising for industrial heat pumps or air-conditioning and hot-water-supply heat pump systems. It was confirmed that the effect of change in composition on the theoretical coefficient of performance had the same behavior as that reported by experimental testing.

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This study analyses the importance of understanding the nexus between food systems and climate change responses in Central Africa. Despite the diversity of agriculture in the region, climate-related challenges such as changing rainfall patterns and increasing natural disasters significantly impact food production and distribution. Climate change responses in the region have focused on improving food systems, including developing climate-resilient crops and agricultural practices, as well as local food storage and distribution systems. These efforts are essential to increasing the resilience of Central African food systems and addressing broader climate change mitigation and adaptation goals. However, significant challenges exist in ensuring that such responses are effectively implemented. These challenges include broader systemic issues related to governance, infrastructure, and trade. Additionally, it is crucial to ensure that climate change responses consider the unique perspectives of different groups within society, such as female farmers and indigenous peoples. Warning systems for food security and basic climate information services are still at an early stage. This study aims to address these challenges by synthesising and analysing the existing literature. Ultimately, the goal is to better understand and address the nexus between food systems and climate change responses in Central Africa.

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