It has been stressed that in modern Japan, Goverment utilized institutions of "Ie", traditional type of family, and patriarchal moral of Confucianism for mobilizing people's obedience to Emperor and the state.
But modern type of families, of which characteristics are domesticity and affectionate relationship between family members has emerged since middle of Meiji era, and this type of family was also utilized as tools of control over people by Goverment. In this paper, this will be proved by analysing textbooks on ethics used in 1870-1945.

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In Japanese the word “kodomo” has two meanings, one is child (vs. adult) another is offspring (vs. parent). As a result, a gap has formed. between the sociology ofeducation which deals with children and sociology of family which deals with theparent-child relations.
G.W.F.Hegel and Takaaki Yoshimoto discussed the prototype of modern child rearing as a coincidence of the period of childhood and “offspring hoods”. They stressed that parent-child relations disappear when offspring become adult. Thus, these are two traits of modern parentchild relationships. One is that parents have to find meaning child rearing because parents cannot expect financial compensation for their efforts. The major motivation of child rearing for parents in modern society is “love”. However, love-relation between parents and children are incomplete because only parents feel love. That is the other characteristic of modern child rearing. But, because parents's love is incomplete they could believe in the presence of love.
Modern society can be divided into the public sphere and private sphere (family), and the adult sphere and child sphere. In modern prototype quadrands B & C (figure 1) did not exist. So children were restricted into the D quadrands.
Recently because of longevity, the B quadrand has been appearing and also because of ‘schoolization’, the C quadrand has been appearing. The enlargement of the BC quadrand causes crisis in the meaning of child rearing for parents. In order to feel conviction in the presence of love relationship with children, parents need the evaluation by adult offspring and public evaluator (such as school). Therefore, parents have come to question why they must rear their children.

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This paper examines the changes of “childhood” by analyzing the “childhood” image of children themselves, as they appear in junior high school “Student Council Magazines” from 1956 to 1985. The existing image of “childhood” can beexplained as follows: Children are distinguished from adults and, at the sametime, are connected to them as adults of the future. Since the 80s, however, therehas been a growing recognition that modern-day children have departed fromthe above image; some people have even pronounced the “disappearance ofchildhood.” However, this statement seems to go beyond the reality of children, since children still regard themselves as different from adults.
This paper begins by following the changes in the meanings that childrengave to their age in relation to adults. Until the 60s, the meanings were withinthe existing image; distinction from and connection to adults. However, fromaround 1970, the image of the connection became weak, while the image thatchildren are distinguished from adults became strong.
Second, the paper follows the changes in the way children perceive theirown peer group. From the beginning, the group was seen as monolithic, withvalues that were different from those of adults. From around 1970, however, thedistinction became so natural for children that they have been unconscious of it, and have come to consider their group as being in an autonomous world.
Through these examinations, it is concluded that the new “childhood” hasbecome a kind of closed category, because it lacks the connection to adults.Living such a “childhood” is not only more attractive but also more repressivethan earlier. Although the existing image has missed this new “childhood, ” thereis a need to grasp and depict it properly.

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本稿は, 近代以降の夫婦関係と親子関係の接続についての人々の了解の形式の変容を明らかにし, 近代家族の情緒的関係の分節化を試みる。読売新聞の悩み相談欄「人生案内」 (1914～2003) の語りを分析した結果, 以下の知見が導かれた。 (1) 夫婦関係と子どもの幸福は1930年代までは無関係とされており, すべての語り手が子どものために頻繁に両親の夫婦仲を重視し始めるのは1970年代以降のことである。 (2) 夫婦関係と親子関係も1960年代までは別個に成立するものとされていたが, 1970年代後半以降, 人々は二つの間に因果関係を想定するようになっている。これらの知見からは, 近代家族の情緒的関係と現在ひとくくりに言われているものが, 近代以降でも変化していたことが明らかになった。なかでもとりわけ現在は, 家族内部の複数の異なる関係を, 容易に影響し合い連動し合うものだとみなし始めている点で, 特殊な時代だと言える。

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男性中高年と特定地域の自殺が社会問題となっている.本稿ではアナール学派社会史のアプローチを採用して経年的検討を行い, 現状に至った歴史的経緯を把握する.理論枠組はMertonのアノミー解釈 (欲求と充足手段の乖離) を参照し, 自殺死亡の変動をアノミー状況の変化の指標と位置づけた.使用したデータは, 『人口動態統計』の, 1899年から2002年までの男女・年齢層・都道府県別自殺死亡率である.
検討の結果, 高度経済成長期の自殺死亡率が例外的に低いこと, 今日の問題状況はこの時期におこった構造的な方向転換によるものであることがわかった.日本全体は, 1960年代の急激な下降の後, 漸次的な上昇を続けている.性別では, 1960年代に男女差が縮小するとともに70年間続いた連動が終了し, 女性は緩やかに下降する一方で男性は上昇している.男性の上昇は50代とその前後に顕著であり, 経年加算的に高まる傾向がみられる.1960年代には地域差も圧縮し, その後は低水準を維持する地域と上昇する地域とに区別され, 「東海道ベルト地帯が低く, 低開発地域が高い」構成へと再編されている.

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“Character, ” the key term of this paper, has a double meaning in literary criticism: a dramatis personae in a story, and the dispositions of each person. Through the use of this term, this paper provides a sociological narrative study of characterization. In other words, it is an attempt to understand how we force certain characters upon the self and others when we want to comprehend them.
Normally, “character, ” as a person's disposition, is attributed to the individual. From the standpoint of narrative studies, however, it is a construction which includes a story-line. In order to understand the characteristic nature of the self or of others who are the dramatis personae in our narrative landscapes, the method we usually employ is to organise the acts, events, impressions, information and put them into the form of a narrative. When we say, “it is rude of him, not only to go back home alone, but also to make an excuse, ” the subject is identified as such not because rudeness is his nature, but rather because his nature is, in fact, produced by that narrative description. Therefore, it can be said that characterization constitutes combining various kinds of elements and creating one's or other's nature by shaping a narrative.
Characterization contains a connection not only to oneself but also refers to human relationships. In sharing a description about someone's character, we can have a conversation or interaction through talking about the topic. That is, the character, which has been constructed in the form of a narrative sequence, can construct another sequence of human interaction.
In conclusion, characterization is the production of the self and others as having certain original qualities which we attribute to us or them in our narrative landscapes. This procedure of understanding and controlling people should become an object of study itself for the sociology of education, since education is one of the fields where characterization is legitimised. Examining the phenomenon could be of benefit to the critical study of education.

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本稿は, 東京都世田谷区の「プレーパーク」活動を事例としながら, 子どもの自由を実現するということがどういうことであるのかを, 社会学的観点から考察するものである.
近代社会において, 「子ども」という観念は, それに配慮する「大人」という観念と深く結びついている.にもかかわらず, 大人の介入からの子どもの自由をと求めた場合, 大人が不断の配慮という不自由さを背負わなくてはならないか, どこかで大人の恣意が発見されてしまうかといった隘路に陥ってしまう.その結果, さらに「今度こそ真の子どもの自由を」という言説, 運動が繰り返されると考えられる.
ところが, プレーパークは, 第1に, 子どもの遊びにおいて子どもが自らの配慮の主体となれるように独自の論理を構築し, 第2に, 大人も同様の論理を行動原理とすることで, 大人と子どもの非対称性を局所的に失効させ, 子どもの自由を実現している.
もちろん, このような特殊な空間は, まさに大人の不断の努力によって作り出され, 支えられている.しかし, 責任主体としての「大人」という近代社会の擬制が未だ解除できないならば, 責任主体たりえない「子ども」に対して固有の配慮をする場は必要とされ続ける.その中で, 限定的であっても, 「子ども」や「大人」の非対称性を宙吊りにし, 双方の息苦しさを消滅させるプレーパークは, その可能性を見守られるべき事例ではないだろうか.

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