On 24 October, 1964, the British South Africa Company left Zambia. The Financial Times carried a full-page advertisement by BSAC: “Northern Rhodesia Now To Be Zambia”. This study attempts to understand the full historical significance of the BSAC in the general history of Southern Africa. An inquiry into the sequence as to how the BSAC acquired, enjoyed, and finally relinquished its share in mineral wealth of Zambia throws light on various aspects of this country's history during the whole colonial period.
The significance of the BSAC for Northern Rhodesia began with the company's possession of mineral rights. The acquisition and defence of its rights caused the BSAC to become involved in the complex political and economic mechanism of colonial rule. The BSAC was empowered under the Royal Charter of 29 October, 1889, to expand the British Empire and to exploit colonial resources. After the death of Cecil J. Rhodes, the London Board of the BSAC decided to make the company into a vital commercial enterprise. So long as the BSAC administered the territory, the burdens of heavy administrative responsibilities and the finance of the railways by debenture issues guaranteed by BSAC proved a great strain on the company's resources. It sought to maintain a favourable managerial environment which might bring in commercial revenue in order to deter troubles inside the territory and interference from outside. The BSAC saw the territory as a black labour reserve with European population minimally sufficient to operate the mines. The first requirement was that the African population of Northern Rhodesia should remain peaceful and cooperative. The BSAC from early times relied on collaborative groups among the African people.
The solution which the BSAC came to favour for its political status in Northern Rhodesia was joint administration with Southern Rhodesia, followed by the entry of both into the Union of South Africa. The settlers of Southern and Northern Rhodesia opposed the company's policy. The BSAC's final recourse in such circumstances was negotiated settlement with the British Government. In consequence, Southern Rhodesia proceeded to responsible government, the BSAC was relieved by the Colonial Office of direct responsibility for the administration of Northern Rhodesia and could concentrate on preserving its commercial assets intact. The retension by the company of the mineral rights under the terms of the 1923 settlement and the development of the copper industry gave the “mineral right question” a prominent place in the political and economic history of Northern Rhodesia.

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The languages of colonial rulers remain dominant in public life even after a colony achieves independence. English, French and Portuguese have been retained as the official languages in most of the Sub-Saharan African countries. The former colonial European language is proclaimed to be the only official language in 28 African countries. Even if African languages do become official languages, they remain the languages of the primary schools and local government offices. In contrast, English, French or Portuguese are languages of the courts, central government offices and institutions of higher education.
Colonial governments did not make any real attempt to develop African languages into official written languages with the exception of Kiswahili in Tanzania. People in colonies were linguistically divided. After independence, the language situation did not change very much. Individuals are still not able to communicate with one another. The language question lies behind various difficulties that Africa faces today.
In Zambia, the only official language is English. Seven African languages are used for instruction in elementary schools and for radio broadcasts. The number of people who speak two of these language, Bemba and Nyanja, is increasing. However, the government has not shown any intention to develop them into official languages at the national level.
English as a second language is rapidly spreading in Zambia mainly because of educational development. Although English is the lingua franca of the middle class, it does not have this status for the entire population. Zambian might be said to be divided into two groups: the thin layer of the educated who gains proficiency in English, and the thick layer of the working classes who continue to speak in their many different languages. Zambia is a typical multilingual/multiethnic state without a particular language understood by the majority of the people. Zambian national unity has not been brought about by language or ethnicity, but by the people taking pride in freedom of speech, democracy and, particularly, in maintaining peace by combating ethnic divisions since independence.
The author will discuss this subject in detail by focusing on the Nsenga people living in Petauke and Lusaka.

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本稿は，移民労働を生じさせる植民地支配下の社会状況と移民労働それ自体が社会に及ぼす影響の相互作用と多様性を浮かび上がらせるため，当該地域における市場の形成過程とその構造の地域的差異を明らかにする試みである。モザンビーク南部は南アフリカ金鉱業の一大労働力供給地として位置づけられていたが，先行研究では単身男性に限定された移民労働を管理する一元的な枠組みに基づき，南部の送り出し地域が同質的に扱われてきた。そのために先行研究が論じた移民労働の影響も南部の送り出し地域に共通するものとして理解されてきた。
先行研究が移民労働の影響を測るうえで世帯を分析単位とした階層化を指標としたのに対して，本稿では分析単位を地域社会に広げ，蓄財と消費をめぐる諸条件に見られる当該社会の特殊性を踏まえたうえで検討する。考察にあたっては，入植者，本国産業，そしてアフリカ人農民女性の3者が競合と排除を繰り広げたアルコール市場に注目した。
考察の過程では，市場の担い手が地域によって本国産業と賃金労働市場から排除されていたアフリカ人農民女性に二分されたことが示される。これにより，本国産業が支配的となった地域では移民賃金が本国産業を潤す結果となっているのに対し，アフリカ人農民女性が市場の中心的担い手となった地域では移民賃金がより多く世帯の枠を超えて当該社会内部で流通し，階層化の度合いを弱めるという地域的多様性をもたらしている。

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Based on the 1995 Land Act of Zambia, land market reforms have impacted the communal tenure of customary land and people’s livelihoods in many ways. In particular, the Land Act strengthened the role and power over the people of the traditional authorities, especially chiefs, in land administration. Customary land administration changed in three points under the new Land Act in Zambia. (1) The new Land Act positively stimulated the market economic mechanism of the customary land in Zambia. Allocation of the customary land threatened the residents’ livelihoods and quality of life. Under the new Land Act, outside investors and local elites could obtain land ownership from the traditional authorities. (2) The new Land Act strengthened the role and power of the chiefs in administration and jurisdiction. Chiefs can get the power to allocate the land to people including the outside investors. (3) Local administration strongly depends on the character of the chief. This has led the local conflicts over land and land allocation, which threatened the living standards of the people. At the same time, a new chief can change the administration drastically and improve the situation upon the death of a predecessor.

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