The purpose of this study is to be critical consideration of “the inner game theory” advocated by W. T. Gallwey and to be of help toward teaching methods from now.
The inner game theory focused on the inside of sport participant and introduced the ways of Oriental meditation into the one of concentration in sport. Three problems from his theory were selected. That is, (1) exclusion of affection, (2) automatical moving potential, and (3) ways of concentration. These were examined from points of Neurophysiology, Sport Psychology, Neuropsychology, Bewegungslehre, Yoga, Buddism and so on.
The present author concluded as follows:
As the exclusion of affection needs the control of the autonomic nervous system, it is possible that the ways of Oriental meditation are available. But it is doubt that his ways of concentration are effective certainly so that the common ways of the active meditation repeat fixed actions. Though his theory leaves room for doubt, he gives us the important suggestion which fuses between modern Western and Oriental ideas.

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The purpose of this study was to grasp 1) whether Karate players were overpowered with opponent's skill, mental or physical factors and 2) what situations they got into on receiving any pressure, in the kumite with differents skill levels of opponents.
The questionnaires were distributed during the begining of Oct. to the middle of Dec.1984. The responses were obtained toward the case of higher level, same level and lower level opponents.
The subiects were 173 Karate players belong to the club in high school, college or company. They were divided in three groups. In the first group, the players had over 2nd dan degree (E group, n=43), in the second group, the players had 1st dan degree (G group, n=53) and in the third group, the players had under 4th kyu degree (P group, n=77).
The results were summarized as follows
1. Especially, the players in P group were more overwhelmed by higher level opponents than the other levels.
2. In the kumite with higher level opponents, players in all groups were overpowered with opponent's skill factor, followed by the mental and physical factors. And players in P group were affected by the mental factor as much as skill factor.
3. Regarding to the players who were overpowered with mental factor, there were no relation to opponent's skill levels in E and G group, but in P group there were many players who had much more pressure in kiumite with higher level opponents than the other levels.
4. Regarding to the players who were overpowered with opponent's skill factor, many of them, disregard to their groups, had much more pressure in kumite with higher level opponents than the other level.
5. To be overpowered with opponent's physical factor was no relation to self and opponent's skill levels.
6. Regardless of degree of opponent's skill levels, players in G group showed tendencies of passive attitudes to wait opponent's attack, to have a strong consciousness of not giving points.
7. In the kumite with higher level opponents, players in all groups showed tendencies that their attacks became monotonous and they could not grasp the timing of opponent's attack or the off guard of opponent. In addition to that, players in G and P groups showed a tendency to confuse how to attack.

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The purpose of this study was to grasp 1) whether female karate players were overpowered with opponent's skill, mental or physical factors and 2) what situations they got into on receiving any pressure, compared with male players.
The questionnaires were distributed during the beginning of Oct. to the middle of Dec.1984. The subjects were 180 male and 53 female karate players belonging to the club in high school. The responses were obtained toward the case of higher level, same level and lower level opponents.
The results were summarized as follows:
1. The both, female and male players were more overwhelmed by higher level opponents than the other levels. But, there were much more female players who had pressure than male players in the kumite with same level opponents.
2. In the kumite with higher level opponents, especially female players were overpowered with opponent's skill factor, compared with other factors. And also, female players showed the same tendency in the kumite with same level opponents.
3. But, there were few female players who had pressure with opponent's physical factor than male players in the kumite with higher level opponents.
4. Regarding to the players who were overpowered with opponent's mental factor, both players showed the tendency that they had much pressure according to higher degree of opponent's skill levels.
5. Regardless of degree of opponent's skill levels, both players showed the tendency to have a strong consciousness of not giving points. In addition to that, female players showed tendencies that their attacks became monotonous, they could not grasp “maai” of attacking and they wait opponent's attack.

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The perceputual method of golf lesson is the one of the teaching strategies where the learners are instructed to perceive the impact of golf ball on the club face. This method is based on the “awareness instruction” presented by W. T. Gallway as “Inner Game Theory.” There are some scholars, too, as P. J. Arnold, who asserted that it is necessary to regard the kinesthetic percepution of movement based on the man's body awareness as serious objectives of movement education. Certainly, it seems to possible to raise the embodiment of the internal awareness as one of the important objectives of sport education.
It is not possible to overlook the importance of proprioception as a FB information and the knowledge of results (KR). It seems not to be entered, nevertheless, upon the location of the body awareness in the motor skill learning because of the difficulty of the data processing.
Therefore, it is tried in this study to instruct the students as a tentative golf lesson which consists of the perceiving the impact of the ball by the students and the recording the perception. The purpose of this study is to obtain the fundamental materials from this tentative lesson in order to regard the internal body awareness in movement as of importance for the sport education.
The method of this study were as follows; The subjects were 16 male undergraduate students and 4 female students, who were all beginners of golf. The period of this study was from 17th April to 3rd June in 1986, The procedures were, firstly, from 1 to 6 times, only the judgement of impact by guess, and secondly, from 7 to 8 times, the actual impact was certified by the impact marker.
The hypothesis of this study is that “it is more effective to coincide the judgement of impact perception with the actual impact, and that it is improved the effectiveness of the impact if the judgement of the sweet spot will correspond to the actual hitting the spot of club. And the ability of awareness is improved if the error scores which is in the gap between the judgement and the actual impact will be decrease.”
The results obtained were as follows;
(1) There were no improvement of hitting times on the sweet spot except 7 subjects which was based on the judgement of student only by guess. From this result, it seems to suggest that it would be difficult for the students to be motivated to concentrate to the internal body awareness of their own.
(2) As an analysis of the error scores of judgement, the results that relatively many students were improved in the judgement of the impact perception was obtained.
(3) Sufficient results were not obtained, nevertheless, from the supposition that if the awareness of impact were developed with the reliance for the SELF 2, then the hitting times on sweet spot would be increse.
(4) As the results of questionaire (consciousness of students), it can be considered that this tentative method which was aimed for students to experience of the body by means of the concentlation to their own internal awareness as one of the objectives of sport education was obtained sufficient results.
(5) It seems to suggest that it is necessary for the further study to consider the restriction of SELF 1 that would inevitably evaluate the man's own performance, and to incorporate the direction and curving of ball as important informations of the golf swing.

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コーチングの歴史をどのように語るか？というのは難しい問題である。ここではまず、『人の力を引き出すコーチング術』の「コーチング」史観を分析し、その後、『コーチングのすべて』の「コーチング」史観と、 国際コーチ連盟（ICF）の「コーチング」史観を見ていく。そして日本の「コーチング」の歴史の欠落部分を確認した後に、「コーチング」の歴史を再構成する。その中で、①概念やトレーニング方法としての「コーチング」②組織内の人の関係性としての「コーチング」③マネージャーのスキルとしての「コーチング」 ④プロフェッショナル・サービスとしての「コーチング」⑤研修でスキルとして伝えられる「コーチング」 ⑥自己啓発セミナーとしてのコーチング⑦プロフェッショナル養成としての「コーチング」という7つの要素があり、これらがどのように「コーチングの歴史」の中で位置づけられるのかを構造的に解析していく。

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