Nucleotide difference between human and chimpanzee, the closest living organism to human, is about 1.4%. Therefore, half (0.7%) of this difference accumulated after the human lineage diverged from the chimpanzee lineage. All the genetic changes responsible for “humanness” must reside in those differences.
Human genome consists of about 3 billion nucleotides, thus the 0.7% difference is tantamount to 21 million nucleotide changes. Although 95% of the human genome can be considered as junk DNA, we still have 1 million nucleotide changes located in nonjunk DNA. How many changes are really responsible for creating humanness in those changes? Our very rough guess is only 10, 000.
Draft human genome sequences will be completed within a year or so. It is now the time to sequence ape genomes so as compare them with human sequences nucleotide by nucleotide. Because we are interested in the changes which occurred in the human lineage, we should compare not only chimpanzee but also gorilla and orangutan. We can pinpoint human-specific changes after multiplyaligned those ape and human sequences by applying maximum parsimony principle.
We just started this kind of sequencing “Ape genome” (Ag=silver) by picking up interesting part of the human genome sequences. PCR primers are made based on those sequences, and corresponding orthologous DNAs are amplified for apes, followed by direct sequencing. The determined nucleotide sequences were submitted to the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank International Nucleotide Sequence Database, and are also be available through web site of this project, as follows: http://sayer.lab.nig.ac.jp/silver/.

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In this paper the reporter examines the interpretations of šaki hitherto proposed —“equivalent” (Cameron, PTT), “remainder” (Cameron, JNES 17, pp. 161 ff.) and “counterpart” (Hallock, JNES 19, p. 91)— and offers a tentative translation of the word as “gratuity”.

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Récemment, nous nous sommes procurés un objet en terre cuite en forme de clou. Il est vernissé et inscrit à la tête. D'après cette inscription en cunéiforme, mais en élamite, nous pouvons savoir qu' it est fait à l'époque d'Untaš-^dGAL, roi élamite au XIIIe siècle av. -J. C. Nous conaissons qu'Untaš ^dGAL a construit Dar Untaš, Tchoga-Zanbil actuel. Là, beaucoup de clous de même forme, de même taille et de même inscription ont été trouvés, souvent en groupe ou dans un magasin. Je suis sure que notre objet est un de ces clous, à cause de la ressemblance.
A propos de l' inscription, nous ne savons pas encore comment lire exactement le nom de ce roi. La transcription de ^dGAL/DINGIR GAL est problematique. Qui est ce dieu? Quelle est la vrai lecture de ce sumérogramme? Contre Hinz qui propose de lire DINGIR GAL comme Napiriša, je prefère laisser ma transcription comme ^dGAL (mais provisoirement), car nous n'avons pas encore une attestation tout à fait sure de la lecture d. GAL=Napiriša.
Il y a encore un autre problème. Queue est la nature de cet objet? Je pense qu'il s'agit de clou de fondation. Nous essayons donc d' étudier l'origine et l'histoire du clou de fondation en Mésopotamie ancienne. Pour ce sujet, nous avons actuellement trois articles fondamentaux; ceux de F. R. Kraus, W. Hallo, R. Ellis. On pourrait supposer, d'après Kraus, que les clous de fondation étaient posés au mur du temple horizontalement au moment de construction pour mettre le “contrat” entre le dieu et le roi bâtisseur. Probablement, on avait oublié le sens original et on ne pensait plus tard qu à mentionner le nom du roi et le fait de construction. Cela s'explique ce que nous lisons dans l'inscriptions royales sur les clous. Cette tradition devait être introduite en l'Elam. Or, Untaš-^dGAL avait construit Dur-Untaš, la ville sainte avec tous ses efforts, mais la ville n'était pas achevée. Après la mort d' Untaš-^dGAL, ses succésseurs avaient laissé tomber les travaux et la ville était abandonée. C'est pourqoi qu'on a trouvé tas de clous à Thoga Zanbil sous une condition très particulière.

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By courtesy of the Tehran Archaeological Museum (Museh Iran Bastan), I had an opportunity to study unpublished Persepolis Elamite tablets in the Museum in 1973. On examination, fourteen Persepolis Treasury tablets (Teh. 9(w); Teh. 32; Teh. 34; Teh. 49 w; Teh. Pers. 3152-31 (?); 214/56 Teh. illus. B; dk 275 No. 25; 279; 2152/55 6(w); 2290; 2290 742; 3152/9 Teh. no. 38(w); no number; no number) and one Persepolis Fortification tablet (3152/37 Teh. 29w) were identified, but six documents (2290; 2290; 2290; 2451; 3152/52 48(w); 3152/65 97w) remained assigned to neither. In addition, some of documents referred as “not found” in Cameron's Index to Published Treasury Tablets (JNES 24, 1965, pp. 190-192) were identified as follows: 2275=PT45, 2279=PT60 and Teh. 3152/72=PT67. (Persian numerals and letters in italics.)
In the present preliminary report, one of these unpublished Persepolis Treasury tablets, 2290 (one of documents with the same number), is transliterated (see p. 71), translated and commented. This is Marrezza's letter addressed to Barišša the treasurer of Parsa dated in the third year of Artaxerxes I, recording allocations to kurtaš kurnukašbe mišbazanaš. The expression “kurtaš kurnukašbe mišbazanaš”, which has been not found in any published Persepolis Elamite documents, is apparently parallel with “kurtaš marrip mišbazana” in PT 79 and further with “grd 'mnn vspzn” in the seventh Aršdma-letter. It is worth noting that the correspondence of kurnukašbe to marrip or 'mnn correctly reflects the translation of OP karnuvaka into El. marrip or Akk. ummanate, MES in Darius' Foundation Inscription at Susa (DSf),

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The Bopyridae and Entoniscidae are two of six families that comprise the Epicaridea (Crustacea: Isopoda). The free-swimming epicaridean larva first infests a copepod and metamorphoses into a microniscus larva. The microniscus larva remains with the copepod until it metamorphoses into a free-swimming cryptoniscus larva that searches for the final host. Upon settling on the final host, the cryptoniscus metamorphoses into a female, or into a male if a newly metamorphosed female is already present. The parasitic status of Grapsicepon rotundum (Bopyridae) and Xanthion spadix (Entoniscidae) and their effects on their host crab, Leptodius exaratus, were studied on two pebble beaches (Tsujishima and Nogamajima) in Kumamoto, Japan. Crabs were collected monthly at Tsujishima from November 1999 to November 2000, and once at Nogamajima in February 2000. A similar study was examined of Entionella okayamaensis (Entoniscidae) in the Asahikawa River in Okayama from July to September 2001, which parasitizes Chiromantes dehaani. The prevalence of parasitic epicaridean isopods differed greatly with place and parasite species: G. rotundum (9.4-23.0%) and X spadix (3.9-13.1%) parasitizing L. exaratus at Tsujishima, G. rotundum (3.2%) and X spadix (0.5%) parasitizing L. exaratus at Nogamajima, E. okayamaensis (9.6-10.7%) parasitizing C. dehaani 8 km upstream from the mouth of the Asahikawa River, and E. okayamaensis (2.0-2.9%) parasitizing C. dehaani 3 km upstream from the river mouth. In most cases, one dwarf male accompanied a single mature female. In three crab species, no ovigerous host infested by the isopod was collected, so host reproduction may be greatly inhibited by the parasites.

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The purpose of this paper is to distinguish between gú-na and gú-na ma-da. Gú-na tribute was brought by rulers of vassal states from the far distant regions as proof of their obedience to the suzerainty of the Ur III dynasty.
On the other hand, gú-na ma-da was a tribute from the stationary troops on the east bank of the Tigris, where there was a strategic point against invading hostile tribes. The gú-na ma-da was introduced as a new tribute in the middle of the reign of Shu-Sin in order to strengthen military and civil governorship of the troops and to secure the political and military stability in the district.

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The class Monogenea (Platyhelminthes) is commonly parasitic on or in aquatic or amphibious vertebrates, mainly fishes, but rarely on aquatic invertebrates. In Japan, a total of 240 nominal species of monogeneans has so far been reported. Freshwater fishes are mainly parasitized by monopisthocotyleans. Based on the number of monogenean species collected by me from Japanese freshwater fishes, 600 to 900 species of freshwater monogeneans may be found on approximately 500 species of freshwater fishes. However, only about 80 monogenean species have been reported to date. And, in total, 15 alien monopisthocotylean species have been reported from alien freshwater fishes in Japan. Monogeneans can establish more readily together with their hosts than other groups of parasites because of their simple life cycle, and some of monogeneans, especially alien species, are known to cause negative impacts on wild and farmed fish stocks. The fauna of alien monogeneans in Japan should be urgently clarified. Only 12 species of monogeneans have been reported from six of the 90 endangered freshwater fish species. It is highly desirable to clarify the monogenean fauna of the freshwater fishes on the verge of co-extinction and to conserve biological diversity of monogenean species.

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