Abu Dhabi Oil Co., Ltd. (ADOC) is currently operating three oil fields; Mubarraz, Umm Al-Anbar (AR) and Neewat Al-Ghalan (GA) fields. The oil production of Mubarraz field commenced in 1973, and AR and GA fields initiated oil production in 1989 and 1995 respectively. Since produced water from Mubarraz field has been increasing, water treatment is becoming one of the most important technical elements for stable operations.
At the same time, the activities for environmental protection have been intensively promoted, especially, minimizing emissions, effluents and waste discharge. ADOC's operations for water treatment are significantly complex, because it is closely linked to the operations of oil production, gas injection, oil and gas processing, and sewage and desalination.
This paper presents several projects and technical improvements in water treatment, and future challenges in ADOC's operations.

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Abu Dhabi Oil Co., Ltd. (ADOC) is currently operating three oil fields ; Mubarraz (MUB), Umm Al-Anbar (AR) and Neewat Al-Ghalan (GA) Fields. All produced oil from the fields is gathered to Mubarraz Island for final treatment and shipment. The completion of the Sour Gas Injection Project minimized the amount of flared gas by injecting the sour gas into reservoirs, which used to be flared at AR Site Terminal. The completion of the Zero Flaring Project achieved a complete zero flaring in MUB Field offshore area and minimized the amount of flared gas at Mubarraz Island. The completion of the Waste Water Disposal Project, and Water Separation and Disposal Project eliminated effluents of produced water and process waste water by injecting them into the disposal wells.
In addition to minimization of emissions and effluents, ADOC has been actively working on environment protection through osprey monitoring and related protection activities, and also mangrove campaign etc..

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Oil production from two adjacent offshore fields, KK field and AN field, started in 2006 in conjunction with sour gas injection, followed by the oil production from AS field started in 2011. These marginal sour oil fields, offshore Qatar near the border of UAE, in the Arabian Gulf have been developed incorporated with the challenges to realize the oil production with the minimum cost facilities and designs that would require low operating and maintenance costs for the production, control and monitoring of these offshore fields. Especially the implementation of sour gas injection in minimal offshore platform was most essential achievement. The challenges for the minimum cost facilities and designs to achieve the development of these high sour oil fields will be discussed in this paper.

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従来のMFA手法は統計データを依頼しているため、データの整備状況により適用できる地域が限られている。この研究はその制限を越えるため、衛星画像（夜間光など）の使用を提案する。そして鉄鋼は使用量の最も大きい金属資源であり、その中に特に建築・土木用途の使用量最も多いため、研究対象を建築・土木鋼材ストックに焦点を当てる。結果として世界における建築・土木鋼材ストックを推計し、そしてその分布をマッピングした。

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While Iraq has been known as one of major countries with huge oil reserves in the world, little attention has been paid to natural gas of the country. The aims of this paper are to make clear roles of natural gas in this country, and to analyze backgrounds of investment for recovering of flare gas.

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The world is entering a new generation already, and petroleum industry is also in the waves of change. We must complete tasks of existing business with high efficiency and create a new business at the same time. However, it is not easy to overcome these challenges under existing condition. Thus evolutionary changes of technical side（ex. engineering skills, working experiences etc.）and organization system are required to solve these problems. In addition, an individual person and/or individual company can not correspond with these mission. The comprehensive organization in petroleum industry should tackle on solutions by fusion with another and different companies or organization.

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日田市バイオマス資源化センターは、豚糞尿、生ごみ、農集排汚泥を主原料としてメタン発酵によるバイオガス発電を行う施設である。原料受入、メタン発酵、ガス貯留、エネルギー利用、液肥貯留、堆肥化、排水処理、脱臭の各設備からなる再資源化のトータルプラントである。平成18年4月より商用運転を開始し、焼酎粕を原料として追加投入することで、電力自給率はほぼ100%にまで達するようになった。今後は電力消費量や薬品使用量等のランニングコスト低減運転を目指す。バイオマス利活用のモデルプラントとするべく、問題解決とノウハウ蓄積に鋭意努力している。

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　都市気象のシミュレーション手法や将来予測をグローバルに展開する上で、全球を対象としながら高解像度の人工排熱データを構築することが必須である．しかし既往研究では人工排熱の空間分布の構築手法に様々な仮定が含まれる．特に工場や発電所など（点源）の空間分布は、商業・住宅地（面源）や道路（線源）に比べ正確に表されていない．

　そこで本研究では、最新の人工衛星による地表面の短波長赤外線データ(VIIRS-Nightfire)を用いて、高排熱源と思われる工場や発電所などの位置を特定し、それを人工排熱データとして組み込む手法を提案する．その空間分布は日本における発電所や製鉄所の位置情報を用いて確かめられ、火力発電所や高炉を持つ製鉄所で排熱が多くなる結果が得られた．

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　持続可能な社会に向けて，社会に蓄積された資源の分布と動態を把握することが重要となるが，データの制約に伴い，全世界での資源蓄積を詳細なスケールで把握する新たな手法が必要である．本研究では，愛知・岐阜・三重・静岡の4県を対象に，全球で入手可能なデータとしてリモートセンシングデータであるDMSP-OLS Nighttime light data（衛星夜間光）とSAR（合成開口レーダ）による観測データを用いて建物延床面積の推計モデルの開発を，土地被覆を用いて都市域と非都市域に分類した上でそれぞれの地域について行った．推計結果の検証から，都市域での回帰式は線形・非線形いずれの式も誤差が±10%程度と高い精度を示したが，非都市域での回帰式は線形のみ高い精度を示した．今後は日本の他の地域や海外などで検証を重ねることが必要である．

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日田市バイオマス資源化センターは、豚糞尿、生ごみ、農業集落排水汚泥を主原料としてメタン発酵によるバイオガス発電を行う施設である。計画原料に加えて、焼酎粕を投入した運転の結果、一時的にアンモニア阻害による不調を経験したが、その後運転復帰し、電力自給率は100％に近づきつつある状態である。 運転不調時の原因解明や、日常の運転管理指標として、分子生物学的手法を用いた微生物群集解析の適用を試みた。PCR法による微生物群集解析の結果、1)メタン生成細菌が高温（50℃）条件で活性低下する、2)有機物負荷やメタン発酵槽HRT等の運転条件に応じて、細菌（酸生成細菌、メタン生成細菌）数が増減の傾向を示す、等が推察された。今後、より詳細に運転状況と細菌数の関連を調査検討し、運転管理に反映できるようにする予定である。

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Abu Dhabi Oil Co., Ltd. (Japan) operates three offshore oil fields, namely Mubarraz, Umm Al-Anbar (hereafter referred to as AR) and Neewat Al-Ghalan (hereafter referred to as GA) Fields, in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
AR and GA Fields are oil fields containing high concentration of H₂S and CO₂ within the associated gas, which are highly corrosive to metal and extremely toxic to humans. The highest levels of precaution for safety were taken in the development policy as well as in the design of the facilities. Meanwhile, gas injection into oil reservoirs had been planned for EOR from the commencement of production, which in turn met the gas conservation policy of Abu Dhabi Government.
Given that high-pressure sour gas injection technology was not available in the mid-1980's, H₂S and CO₂ in produced sour gas had to be extracted by a gas sweetening unit and the sweet gas was then injected into the reservoirs. The sour gas fed from low-pressure separators and acid gas fed from the gas sweetening unit were flared at the artificial island located at the center of the AR Field, namely AR Site Terminal. Since then, various methods to resolve this flaring issue, such as sulfur recovery, production of fertilizer or plaster and disposal of liquid sulfur into underground formations, etc. have been investigated and studied as a priority. However, none of them were economically and/or technically feasible.
After a site survey in Calgary, Canada, and in-house extensive studies, it was concluded that sour gas injection was technically and economically feasible. The basic engineering study was commenced in November 1997, and the detail engineering was started in March 1998. The facilities for the sour gas injection were constructed between July 1999 and May 2000 in AR Site Terminal, comprising of two units of low and high-pressure sour gas compressors and one sour gas dehydrator. At the initial stage of the commissioning of the facilities, problems such as vibration of the low-pressure compressors and scale plugging at the strainer were encountered, which caused the delay in the completion of the project.
After resolving these difficulties in November 2000, the sour gas injection has been working successfully. The sour gas injection is the first challenge in the Arabian Gulf region, achieving gas conservation, environmental protection and enhanced oil recovery, simultaneously.

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　豚糞尿を原料とした小規模なメタン発酵プラントを暖地にて運転し，発酵状況と有機物の動態を調査した．バイオガス生成量（0.64m³/投入VS-kg）およびメタン濃度（72.1%）は高かったものの，豚糞尿原料に含まれる有機物のうちバイオガスへ移行する割合は数十% に留まった．有機物の損失は，固液分離行程，発酵槽系外での発酵，消化液としての排出等で起こり，システム設計時の留意事項と考えられた．

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Abu Dhabi Oil Co., Ltd. (Japan), ADOC, is currently operating three oil fields offshore Abu Dhabi; Mubarraz Field, Umm Al-Anbar (AR) Field and Neewat Al-Ghalan (GA) Field. In 2013, ADOC drilled, completed, tested and abandoned a well to appraise multiple sour reservoirs in a structure nearby to the existing three fields. The appraisal well was located in an environmentally sensitive area, so special measures were put in place to ensure the protection of the area during well testing operations. These measures included the re-injection of the produced hydrocarbon fluid and utilization of special burner booms to perform fallout-free combustion of liquid hydrocarbon. A tool designed by ADOC called the “Surface Testing Tool” was also utilized for safe operations of high H₂S fluids and to save rig time. This paper will summarize the various challenges, measures taken and lessons learnt during the well test in complex conditions and under stringent HSE regulations.

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This article aims to suggest the usage of a framework of “slow violence” as an analytical perspective rather than structural violence (SV). In doing so, the article presents two problems of Galtungʼs peace theory: 1) the concept of SV could sometimes be too abstract to visualize what“non-peaceful states”would be, and 2) his analyses have historically been predominantly centered on human affairs. This article focuses on why Peace Studies have been unable to sufficiently tackle those problems as an urgent concern. The consequence of this neglect has been presentday mankindʼs escalating violence against other living beings and the earth itself. Avoiding this pitfall, it discusses in Sections One, Two, and Three how the concept of slow violence is more appropriate than SV when an issue like the relationship between humans and non-humans is at stake. Here, the factors that SV has failed to grasp are highlighted. Section Four introduces the background argument of slow violence centered on the coming “Planetary Peace Studies” from a perspective of the Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs). Section Five presents two examples that serve to deepen our understanding of slow violence: the cases of acquisition and exploitation of fossil fuels in Saudi Arabia and Nigeria. Sections Six and Seven describe the spatiotemporal characteristics of slow violence, and draw attention to three key moves that can prevent various forms of slow violence from escalating: on-shoring, scientific research on critical zones, and the vertical pure gift. In conclusion, the article suggests that renovating the idea of traditional spatiotemporal recognition is necessary to elevate Peace Studies to Planetary Peace Studies.

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ADOC, Abu Dhabi Oil Co., Ltd. （Japan）, has been operating three oil fields offshore Abu Dhabi for more than 45 years. Recently, ADOC developed and commenced production from an oil field located in a Marine Protected Area, an area designated as a Biosphere Reserve by the UNESCO Secretariat. Therefore, special environmental measures were considered for the development of the field. The development plan of the field consisted of; 3D seismic acquisition, subsurface studies, zero discharge operations, dredging of a channel and construction of artificial island and surface facilities. This paper will summarize the various challenges of field development in an environmentally sensitive area, the measures that were implemented and the lessons learnt.

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ADOC, Abu Dhabi Oil Co., Ltd. （Japan）, marks another historical milestone with the commencement of oil production from a new oil field in November 2017. ADOC was established in 1968, and since then has been conducting stable operations through utilization of the best production technology that fully copes with the environment protection rules and regulations. The new oil field was granted as an additional oil field to its existing three oil fields when ADOC renewed its concession agreement in December 2012. Soon after the renewal of the concession, ADOC launched the new oil field development activities. The development plan of the field consisted of; 3D seismic acquisition, subsurface studies, drilling of appraisal wells and production wells, dredging of a channel and construction of the new artificial island and surface facilities. This paper will summarize the various challenges of field development in an environmentally sensitive area and the measures that were implemented.

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サハリン島北東沖，南東沖，南西沖に存在する海底表層型天然ガスハイドレートは，海底下のガスチムニー構造や海底から立ち上るガスプルームを伴っている．結晶に包接されたガスは，微生物起源から熱分解起源まで広範囲にわたるが，後者の熱分解起源ガスはエタンやプロパンなどが少ないために，結晶構造I 型の結晶を構成する．ガスハイドレート結晶に関するラマン分光分析の結果，結晶に包接された硫化水素やエタンが検出された．これらの濃度はいずれも最大で1〜2%であり，平衡圧に与える影響は小さいと見積もられた．

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