As many varieties of microsatellite missions have been purposed, microsatellite's performances are becoming higher level. It is important to develop higher level 3-axis attitude control mechanics. We purpose an innovative 3-axis attitude control for microsatellite by using Reflectivity Control Device, RCD which is capable of changing its reflectance by imposed voltage. This paper shows one example of 3-axis attitude control using RCD, and advantages of this method by being compared to non RCD methods which used only reaction wheel.

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Over the past three decades social science has brought institutional change into focus. The debate on the transformation of the welfare state is part of it. Whether the welfare state has been dismantled or not under the impact of economic globalization in particular, that has been the question. In order to develop concepts to grasp overall the transformation of the welfare state, this paper examines, first, the concept of the great transformation, which was originally developed by Karl Polanyi and has been in recent years applied by Mark Blyth, Eiichi Kato, and others to the era of globalization since the 1980s. Blyth argues that Polanyi's double movement, which explains the great transformation and is defined as disembedding market (marketization) and labor's counter movement against it that uses state to protect themselves, is "the motor of institutional change," and that the contemporary neoliberal economic order can be seen as another double movement, but in reverse, which attempts once again to disembed market from society and to roll back the institution of the welfare state. Kato also defines globalization since the 1980s as another great transformation and argues that its essence is privatization, historical meaning of which is that it has functioned as a propelling power to dismantle the welfare state. Although there are many coinages for post-welfare state, Kato says that Neil Gilbert's "enabling state" best expresses a paradigm shift of state. While Kato's overall view, including his stage theory based on Kozo Uno's, is distinguished, I think that the competition state, which was originally developed by Philip G. Cerny and has been used by scholars such as Ronan Palan, Tore Fougner, and others, seems to be better concept than the enabling state, because the concept of the competition state expresses overall strategy of state and the zeitgeist in the era of globalization and includes the concept of the enabling state. Therefore, this paper examines, second, the concept, limitations and potential crises of the competition state. Furthermore, it takes a look at historically specific nature of "competition" in the era of globalization, which is pointed out by Fougner. Third, the transformation of the French welfare state is examined. The French political economy, which had been characterized by dirigisme (state interventionism), has changed rapidly into a market-oriented one since the mid-1980s. According to Jonah D. Levy, however, the French state has not rolled back and in fact its interventionism has redeployed in social policy. The French welfare state has undergone structural changes as Bruno Palier points out and its roll has been converted to market-supporting one. According to Levy, the dirigist state has become the social anesthesia state. Vivian A. Schmidt says that the welfare state increasingly takes a back seat to the competitve state. I think that just as the night-watchman state was subsumed under the welfare state, the welfare state has been subsumed under the competition state.

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環状エーテル類のカチオン共重合に関する研究例はまだ少ないが環状エーテルモノマーの塩基性度が重要な因子となっていることは想像される。一方,環状エーテル類の塩基性度に関する研究も少ない。したがって著者らは赤外吸収スペクトル法により,15種の環状エーテルの塩基性度を測定した。主な環状エーテルの塩基性度の順は,テトラメチレンオキシド(TMO)>テトラヒドロフラン(THF)>3,3-ビスクロルメチルオキサシクロブタン(BCMO)>プロピレンオキシド(PO)≒1,3-ジオキソラン(DOL)>4-メチル-1,3-ジオキソラン(4MeDOL)>スチレンオキシド(SO)>エピクロルヒドリン(ECH)>4-クロルメチル-1,3-ジオキソラン(4ClMeDOL)>トリオキサン(TO)である。BF3系触媒による環状エーテルの共重合の組合せBCMO-THF,BCMO-DOL,ECH-THF,EO-THF,DOL-4ClMe・DOLについて共重合パラメータ(1/γ1)を整理して環状エーテルの塩基性度(pKb)と比較した結果,1/γ1とpKbは大体直線的な関係のあること,すなわちモノマーの反応性は塩基性に比例することがわかった。またカチオン生長末端のモノマー選択性は末端構造4ClMeDOL,ECH,EO,DOL>THF>BCMOの順である。

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先般(41年4月12日)閣議決定され,一般に公表された「新しい国民所得統計」は,われわれが今後,日本経済の分析をおこなう場合,必要不可欠の資料となるので,ここにこれをとりあげ,紹介することとする.新国民所得統計は現行の国民所得統計(昭和5〜39年度)のうち昭和26〜39年度について,かなり大幅な改訂を実施したもののことである.目下のところガリ版刷の資料しかだされていないが,いずれ近く本印刷されて出版されることとなっているから,ここでは統計表には重点をおかず,改訂の内容をやや詳細に紹介しておく.

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The object of the present paper is to study the relation of the image of the space to the constituent elements that characterize the Japanese traditional streets such as roofs, windows, walls, and pavements, by means of the method of multivariate analysis. The first, the constituent elements, which influence the image of the space for the Japanese traditional streets, were collected and examined as a result of the questionnaire in real space. The relation between the variety of the constituent elements and the image was studied by means of the method of correlative analysis and cluster analysis. The second, the change of the image was studied in the psychological experiment by means of modifying the constituent elements on the CRT images operated by computers. The influence of constituent elements on the image was studied by means of the method of quantification I, and analyzed qualitatively. In consequence: 1) The constituent elements that influence on the image were classified, as shown in Table 2. The image of streets that consist of various constituent elements could be modelled and delineated. 2) The image of the space : gorgeousness, hardness, regularity can be represented as a function of the constituent elements. That can be available as indices for the expectation of the image of the real space from the CRT images.

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海洋底拡大説によると,海洋地殻は2億年以前の岩石や大陸性の岩石を含まない.ところが大西洋底では,18.5億年に遡る岩石や,花崗岩類・片麻岩・結晶片岩・グラニュライト・粗粒陸源砕屑物・大陸性かんらん岩などの大陸を構成する物質が,42ヶ所で発見されている.本稿では,それらを記載し,4タイプに分類して,古期・大陸性岩石の意義を考察した.タイプA(大陸/海洋境界帯において海洋底以深の深度に存在する大陸性地殻-マントルブロック)は,大陸が深く沈降したり,深海盆〜深海平原に転化したことを示す.中央海嶺〜両翼の海盆に分布するタイプB(数100km〜鉱物粒子サイズの大陸性物質)とタイプC(大陸的地球化学特性をもつ地殻-上部マントル物質とそれらに由来する火山岩)は,海洋底に大陸性岩石が散在・伏在していることを示す.タイプD(海洋プレート年代よりも有意に古い含化石堆積物や苦鉄質岩石)は,これらの化石・放射年代とプレート年代との不一致を意味する.『海洋底拡大説』にはタイプB〜Dの古期・大陸性岩石の存在を統一的に説明することが求められ,『大洋化説』や『海洋底隆起説』には増加した物的証拠にもとづいて,支配的メカニズムを具体的に提案することが求められる.今後,文献収集が進捗し,海洋地質調査が進展すると,大西洋底からはより多くの古期・大陸性岩石がみいだされ,やがて海洋起源論争が再燃するであろう.

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This paper analyzes the influence of the separation of Prussian Poland from Germany on the economic situation of the border area between Germany and Poland in the first years of Polish Independence. It describes the period from the end of the First World War to August 1923, when the Polish government banned the German minority movement Deutschtumsbund in Bydgoszcz/Bromberg. This research is mainly based on materials from the National Archive in Poznan, but also uses German archival resources and daily newspapers in both languages published in Poznan. Those two Polish western provinces (Wielkopolska/Grospolen and Pomorze/Pommerellen) were integrated into Russian and Austrian Poland through the Wielkopolska Uprising (Powstanie Wiekopolskie) and the Versailles Treaty. However in the process of the uprising many Poles and Germans were involved in violent incidents. Taking this political background into consideration, this paper examines the economic crisis caused by this separation in the border area, where ethnical minorities such as Mazurian, Kashub and Silesian people lived. They were treated by German authorities as groups having a strong German cultural influence and an integral part of the German nation, but were also considered by the Polish national movement as an indispensable part of Polish nation due to their common linguistic, cultural (or religious partly among Silesian and Kashub) characteristics. I term these 'ethnically intermediate groups' between Germans and Poles. This economic crisis was in particular caused by, firstly, the strong devaluation of the Polish currency -the marka polska- in relation to the German mark. Secondly, and as a result, the price of crops in former Prussian Poland became much lower than in Germany (until 1922). The different velocities of postwar inflation of these two currencies, divided railway networks and difficult border control were among the factors that increased smuggling of goods and foreign currency. I also describe how such chaotic circumstances harmed the intensive agriculture of former Prussian Poland, stimulating ethnic antagonism. Further, the separation of citizenship between the two nations living in this border area deprived German farmers of their land through agricultural reform. Deutschtumsbund accused the government of violation of international treaties protecting minority rights in the International Court of Justice in the Hague. The Polish government lost the case and Polish society became more hostile towards the German minority. Finally, this economic crisis was used as justification for the Polish assimilation policy of the 'ethnically intermediate groups' and the nationalistic radicalization of German minority.

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Between 1893 and 1913, the currency system of the Straits Settlements was transformed from one based on the silver standard to one based on the gold-exchange standard, and became part of the international gold standard framework, which had London as its center. In 1903, following the recommendation of the final report of the Currency Committee chaired by D. Barbour, the Straits Settlements Government abandoned the silver standard. Three years later, it fixed the Straits dollar at a higher-than-previous rate of 2s 4d(2 shillings, 4 pence) per dollar, to guarantee that the currency in circulation would not be disturbed by the rise of silver prices. Thus, a new system, based on the gold-exchange standard, was created. In 1899 the Straits Settlements Government began issuing government notes, which were immediately accepted and circulated. By 1910 they constituted about one half of all currencies in circulation, while the circulation of the silver dollar inside the Settlements sharply declined. By shortly before 1913, the majority of currencies in circulation were government notes and subsidiary coins. The currency system of the Straits Settlements was not only implemented in the areas legally decreed to utilize it, such as the Federated Malay States and the State of Johor, but was also informally adopted in areas closely connected to the colony, such as the rest of Malay Peninsula, East Sumatra and the southern part of Siam. The colony's silver coins had traditionally circulated widely in these areas, although neither government notes nor gold coins, which were circulated within the colony, were readily accepted there. The newly minted 1903 Straits dollar was also widely accepted in these surrounding areas. However, in response to the international fluctuations of silver prices, the Government decided to fix the Straits dollar at a higher rate in 1906. At the same time, it decided to debase the silver content of the Straits coin by 25 per cent, in order to prevent the coins from being melted down for ingot. As a result, the new Straits silver dollar became unacceptable as the currency in the surrounding areas. Instead, their own currencies came to be used, and the Straits silver dollar rapidly disappeared from these areas. Concurrently, the silver dollar was replaced by government notes inside the colony. The currency system in South-east Asia as a whole thus came to be reorganized, in accordance with territorial boundaries.

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