The creation of the National Health Insurance program has greatly contributed to giving Japan the world’s highest level of life expectancy.  However, the cost of medical care in Japan has increased as a result of an aging society.  In response to this reality, the Japanese government initiated a campaign to promote the use of generic drugs (GEs).  In order to clarify some of the trends that contribute to different clinical medicine department usages of GEs, we carried out a survey of 400 pharmacies.  The survey data was analyzed using linear regression analysis.  Analysis of linear equations derived “utilization” that indicated ease of use of GEs, and a “saturation acceptable value (maximum allowed)” that indicated usage of GEs.  The breakdown for different clinical medicine department usages of GEs was determined as the following: psychosomatic medicine or psychiatry was 11±0.13%, internal medicine was 29±0.18%, orthopedics was 18±0.14%, ophthalmology or otolaryngology was 15±0.14%, other departments was 17±0.15%.  Furthermore, the highest utilization derived by linear regression analysis was orthopedics.  The highest acceptable saturation value was for psychosomatic medicine or psychiatry, while the lowest acceptable saturation value was orthopedics.  The results of the study confirm the importance of establishing evaluation methods for GE usage, and that linear regression analysis is a powerful tool for revealing trends in GE usage among different departments.  Additionally, the study suggests that determining GE spread measures is valuable, since they can serve as an aid to future pharmaceutical administration consideration.

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The penetration of low-priced generic drugs of good quality leads to not only a lower financial burden on patients, but also financial improvement of Japan's medical insurance system. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the usage conditions of generic products (GE) and attitudes toward the reduction of national medical expense for pharmacists in chain community pharmacies in Japan using a questionnaire survey. The 20 - 25% usage conditions of GE were the highest in this study. The majority (89.2%) of pharmacists in the community pharmacy (positive group) have a positive attitude toward the reduction of national medical expense using GE, and the usage conditions of GE in the positive group are higher than that in the pharmacists that have a negative attitude toward the reduction of national medical expense using GE (negative group). In addition, the results of the questionnaire survey show that the pharmacists in the negative group still have doubts about the quality, effect and supply of GE in comparison with the positive group, and the pharmacists in the positive group were more interested in the generic drug dispensing fee in comparison with the negative group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that most pharmacists in this study have a positive attitude toward the reduction of national medical expense using GE, and the attitude toward GE in pharmacies relates to the usage conditions of GE. These findings provide significant information on the need for a reduction of national medical expense using GE.

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本研究は，来街者行動を視点として，店舗間移動を促す店舗間関係をネットワーク分析し，商店街全体の店舗間移動を定量的に評価することを目的とし，阪急茨木市駅西側商店街において来街者追跡調査を実施した．その結果，スーパーマーケットなどの大規模店舗には強い集客力がある一方，衣料品小売店や食料品小売店などの中小規模店舗は，来街者の店舗間移動を促す役割を持つ存在であることが示唆された．

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  The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, offers the Self-improvement and Participatory Career Development Education Program: Internship and Volunteer Training Experience for Pharmacy Students to third-year students. We previously reported that the training experience was effective in cultivating important attributes among students, such as a willingness to learn the aims of pharmacists, an awareness of their own role as healthcare workers, and a desire to reflect on their future careers and lives. A follow-up survey of the participants was carried out three years after the training experience. The questionnaire verified that the training experience affected attendance at subsequent lectures and course determination after graduation. We confirmed the relationship between the participants' degree of satisfaction with the training experience and increased motivation for attending subsequent lectures. Through the training experience, participants discovered future targets and subjects of study. In addition, they became more interested in subsequent classroom lessons and their future. The greater the participants' degree of satisfaction with their training experience, the more interest they took in practical training and future courses. The present study clarified that the training experience was effective in cultivating important attributes such as a willingness to learn and an interest in future courses. Moreover, the training positively affected the course determination after graduation.

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In the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, the Self-Improvement and Participatory Career Development Education Program: “Internship and Volunteer Training Experience for Pharmacy Students” has been offered to 3^rd grade students. The program is aimed at training students to become pharmacists with the ability to cooperate with doctors, nurses and other medical staff and at promoting the integration of community healthcare systems. Nursing practice was conducted under the instructions of nurses in words. Over-the-counter drug dealing and community based medical network practices were conducted under the instructions of pharmacists in drugstores. In this paper, we verified the effects of this training experience by questionnaire survey conducted in registration students, and image maps “on the environment surrounding the pharmacist” in the year following in registration and non-registration students.
The questionnaires revealed many comments about accomplishments as professionals, and activities in professional duties. The image maps showed a representation with care for patients. The average numbers of medical words related to pharmacists in the maps were 12.3 (registration students), and 7.9 (non-registration students) (P < 0.001, student's t-test). These training experiences enhanced awareness of the mission of professional pharmacists, motivation to studies and medical related knowledge. Our studies clarified that these training experiences were effective in cultivating the willingness to learn the aims of pharmacists, awareness of becoming healthcare workers, medical knowledge, and contemplation about future careers and life.

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目的：薬局・薬店もしくは薬剤師が関与し救急車が出動したケースを検討し，薬局・薬店における救急対応のニーズに関して検討した。方法：大阪市消防局の救急活動記録から，薬局・薬店もしくは薬剤師が関与した救急要請のあった事例を抽出して検討した。結果・考察：薬局・薬店が関連した事例は6年間で1,075件であった。救急要請の原因としては，774例が内因性で，全身倦怠感，失神，腹痛，痙攣，呼吸困難が多かった。このうち意識レベルに問題を生じたケースは183例あった。外因性は250件で，転倒に伴う打撲，挫創，骨折が多かった。病院外心停止の事例も10件報告されていた。結論：薬局・薬店では基礎疾患を有して複数の薬剤を常用している高齢者が数多く薬局・薬店を訪れるが，内因性の救急病態とともに，転倒に伴う損傷にも対応できる必要がある。一次救命処置ができる体制も重要である。

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戦時のラジオ番組「国民学校放送」のテキストの分析を通して，戦時の学校放送の放送内容や授業での利用のされ方，及び当時の放送・教育政策との関連性を明らかにするとともに，番組の創始者・西本三十二がアメリカ留学で培った教育思想が「国民学校放送」に及ぼした影響についても考察する．

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