1949 年に創立された新制京都大学は直ちにフランス語教育を開始し，1954 年に文法教科書『フランス語初歩』を刊行した。この教材は文学作品を活用し，専門教育に必要な参考文献の読解を可能とする能力を養成すると共に，倫理観の育成にも関わっている。またこの教科書は当時のフランス人の抱くフランスの表象を伝えている。

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This paper examines the content of and some difficulties which arose in Bolshoi ballet cultural exchange programmes offered by the Soviet government. These programs were offered to a number of countries; I have focused on the countries of Japan, France, the United Kingdom and the USA in the first part of my paper. These four countries were where the most ambitious productions of the Bolshoi company were held in the latter half of the 1950’s. In the second half of my paper I focus specifically and in more detail on the cultural exchanges between Japan and the USSR. The Bolshoi ballet played a significant role in exchanges between the former Soviet union and the rest of the world, as it was symbolic of the USSR’s diplomatic relations. I limited the timespan for the investigation from 1953 to 1964, when Nikita Khrushchev strategically increased dispatches of cultural organizations to the world trying to expand Soviet influence during the Cold War period.

In the mid to late 1950’s, the Soviet ballet tours to France (1954), the United Kingdom (1956) and the USA (1959) were lead by the respective governments on the basis of mutual exchanges. However the Japanese government wanted to avoid such exchanges because they were afraid of the ideological impact of communism on the people and more were interested in economic growth than in cultural diplomacy. Despite this, private organizations in Japan hungered for such cultural exchanges in the arts and sciences, and had an active say in who came from the USSR. The 1957 Bolshoi ballet tour to Japan was also organized by a private impresario and it was received with wild enthusiasm by the Japanese people. The Japanese government granted visas to some applicants but not others; it depended on the political sway of the organizations involved. Sadly sending Japanese advocates to the USSR would involve high costs so the numbers sent there were much less than those who came to Japan. In other countries the exchanges were much more balanced but political relationships with the USSR did cause interruption to the programmes. This would suggest that the success of cultural exchanges depends more on politics than content.

In the 1960’s the Japanese-Soviet political relationship deteriorated because of the new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960), the restart of nuclear tests by the USSR, the Northern Territories dispute, the break up of the relationships between the Japanese and Soviet communist parties concerned with the Partial Test Ban Treaty and so on. However Soviet Russia kept sending high caliber representatives to Japan in similar numbers to before. Some of the Japanese organizations involved dropped out of the exchanges, while others joined. This happened due to changing public feeling towards the USSR, shifts in political relations, and changing relations between the organizations and respective governments. It was in this atmosphere that the Soviet government counted on ballet to maintain diplomatic ties with Japan. The Kirov Ballet’s Japan tour (1961), and the joint concerts of the Tchaikovsky Memorial Tokyo Ballet School with Soviet famous dancers (1961 and 1963) helped to set the notion that Russia led the world in ballet. The Soviet government was convinced of the effectiveness of the ballet in demonstrating the strength of Soviet culture without fear of rivalry from other countries, and expanded the exchanges within this field.

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It has been acknowledged the South Viet-Nam National Front for Liberation was a organ of the Vietnam Workers' Party during the war against United States in the 1960's. What this paper points out is how the NFL was founded and how the southerner supported this mass organization through out the 60's and 70's.
First, the Vietnam Workers' Party Central Committee at its Fifteenth Enlarged Plenum in January 1959 decided to launch a political struggle combined with a armed struggle to liberate the South. It was the first attemptby the Party to open the way to liberate the South with violence since the signing of the Geneva Agreement in 1954. The draft of the Fifteenth Resolution was written by General Vo Nguyen Giap consulting with Le Duan.
Ho Chi Minh in his directive stated that the immediate task was to overthrow the Ngo Dinh Diem regime, to form a coalition democratic government in the South for the purpose of securing national independence and achieving national unification.
The Party re-opened its second Fifteenth Plenum in May 1959 and directed the implementation of the Fifteenth Resolution. On May 18, Bo Tu Lenh 5-59 was set up to open logistic lines to the South, which would become popularly known as Ho Chi Minh Trails.
The Party set up the Central Office of South Vietnam and the Vietnam People's Revolutionary Party before the formation of the NFL. This party was actually indentical to the Central office organization. Then the Party Politbureau decided to found a mass organization in the South.
The NFL held its first ordinary Congress in February of 1962 with participation by mass organizations in the South. However, the the Front was led by Party members including Nguyen Huu Tho, chairman of the Front.
Second, there were the anti-colonialism resistance movements, clandestine communist activities in particular, in the Deep South during the French colonial regime through 1930's to 40's. Tran Van Giao and Nguyen Thanh Son, both eminent Party leaders in control of almost all southern revolutionaries including Cambodian communists, led the protracted resistance movements against both the French and Americans. Tran Van Giao, leader of the Hau Giang Committee, had been operating during the 30's to 40's, in the Deep South as far as Phnompenh, the capital of Cambodia.
Just after the August Revolution, when they failed to topple the Saigon regime, they fled to Cambodia and organized resistance movements urging the people in the South to join patriotic movements to unite Vietnam under a national democratic revolution.
Meanwhile, Nguyen Thanh Son led Vietnamese and Cambodian communists in launching a war of resistance against the French in Cambodia. These two cores worked together to achieve national democratic revolutions in Vietnam and Cambodia.
These clandestine movements in the South reappeared with the participation by many patriotic people in the NFL founded in 1960. The NFL itself was an oragan of the Workers' Party, yet many southerners still joined the Front and played an important role in fighting the United States.
Soon after the fall of Saigon in 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam and the Viet-Nam Alliance of National, Democratic and Peace Forces were united to the Government of North Vietnam, and to the National Fatherland of Vietnam respectively. The NFL, which was the core of those two organs, was dissolved in 1977. However, among the Party members in the South, there are some leaders who still claim that the Front was not an absolute organ of the Party and remain at odds with the North over the dissolution of PRG.

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La démarche intégrative de la grammaire en français sur objectif spécifique (FOS) présente les activités grammaticales en lien avec le milieu professionnel. À l’aide de l’analyse des discours spécialisés, nous pouvons enseigner une grammaire « de sens » dans un programme du FOS pour que les apprenants puissent interagir en contexte professionnel et comprendre les documents en référence. Le but de cet article est d’examiner ses applications au français sur objectif de l’art culinaire (FOAC) à partir des contenus d’un manuel spécialisé. Après une présentation des points grammaticaux, nous proposerons quelques adaptations en classe pour les apprenants taïwanais.

In the field of French for specific purpose (FOS in French), the integrative approach of grammar present grammatical activities in connection with workplace. By means of specialized discourse analysis, we could teach ‘‘grammar of the sense’’ in a FOS program. The aim of this paper is to examine the applications of integrative grammar teaching for French for culinary arts (FOAC in French) from a specialized textbook. After an overview of grammatical points, we will suggest some in-class accomodations for Taiwanese students.

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