The purpose of this study is to elucidate movements of reform and characteristics of history Learning in Germany through an analysis of the curriculums in Lower Saxony from the 1980's to the 2000's.

From an analysis of the curriculum of the 1980's, it became clear that history Learning in those days was focused on just teaching historical phenomena by teachers. From analysis of those of the 1990's, has shown that history classes at that time were characterized by inquiries about social issues through learning historical for cognition. An analysis of history classes the 2000's history Learning becoming an history interpretation study characterized by students' studying history by themselves.

An analysis of the improvements in curriculums from the 1980's to the 2000's shows proof that, in order to conquer the problems in History Learning up to the 1990's, the lesson content should not be fixed, to guarantee various contents and methods, and to connect them appropriately. The reform adopting a constructionism viewpoint satisfied these requirements.

The curriculum reforms promoted reform in History Learning in Germany adopting a constructionism viewpoint. In conclusion, the adoption of a constructionism viewpoint was a gradual shift from positivism to constructionism, and a very unique for Germany.

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Pan American Nikkei (people of Japanese origin) Conventions, which started in Mexico in July 1981 and are held in a country of North or South America every two years, have finally had their sixth assembly in Paraguay in 1991. The successful people who attend this assembly have a tendency to devote themselves to their own native countries in the Americas, while maintaining a positive relationship with their Japanese origin. The Pan American Nikkei Association (PANA), with its head office in Lima, Peru, has organized these assemblies in the Americas to support compensation for World War II forced evacuations and damages. It promotes mutual help in some disasters, improvement of the working situation of Nikkei in Japan, and support for Peruvian Nikkei President FUJIMORI.
The Nikkei are sometimes considered in the Americas to be “Japanese”, even though their citizenship is not Japanese. That is to say they are like a show-window of “Japan” in the Americas. The explanation for the change in the image of Japan through the leaders of PANA will contribute to recognition of the evolution of the popular image of Japan in history, and to international relations around the “Pacific Rim”.
Today so many people cross national boundaries that it is considered necessary to maintain good relations among all peoples. This research will propose suggestions to improve the situation of people who live in foreign countries through the reflections of the change in the image of Japan in the Americas through the opinions of the leaders of PANA, from 1940 to 1992. The time and length limitations of this paper have obliged me to limit my analysis to six leaders in the USA, Mexico and Peru.

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