The following five apomorphies are found in Callitrichidae.
1. The anterior lower teeth show short-tusked condition.
2. On first upper molar, the disto-lingual cusp (hypocone) is reduced.
3. On first upper molar, the lingual cingulm is reduced.
4. Third molars are absent.
5. Septa connect the promontory of tympanic cavity with the inner surface of auditory bulla.
The phylogeny of Callitrichidae is reconstructed as follows based on the synapomorphies. At first, Callimico were differentiated, followed by Saguinus, then Leontopithecus, and finally Callithrix and Cebuella were differentiated each other.

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ライオンタマリンは絶滅にひんした新世界ザル(New World monkeys)であり,世界中の博物館が保有している骨標本の数も,きわめて少ない。この研究では,比較的多くの資料を用い,マーモセット科(Cal-litrichidae)のなかでしめるライオンタマリンの分岐的位置,およびライオンタマリン3種(Leonto-pithecus chrysopygus, Leontopithecus rosalia,Leon-topithecus chrysomelas)の関係を,歯と頭骨の形質に基づいて解析した。ライオンタマリンとマーモセット(Callithrix)• (Cebuella)グループは,上顎第1大臼歯のハイポコーン(hy-pocone)がほとんど退化していること,鼓室のなかに板状構造が存在すること,という子孫形質(apo-morphy)を共有していた。このことは,ライオンタマリンとマーモセット•グループが単系統群になることを示している。ライオンタマリンの種間関係では,L.chrysopygus と L rosaliaは,上顎第2小臼歯の輪郭が円形に近いという子孫形質を持っているので,この2種は L.chrysomelas よりも分岐的に近いと考えられる。
ライオンタマリン,マーモセットを含め,ブラジル南東海岸の霊長類の分化は,refuge の形成によって起こったとみなされている(KINZEY,1983)。 KINZEY(1982)はこの地域に4つの refuge,すなわち,Paulista refuge, Rio Doce refuge, Bahia refuge,Pernambco refuge を想定した。 L. rosalia の refugeは,KINZEY(1982)指摘と異なり, Rio Doce refugeではなく,JACKSON(1978)の Orgaos refuge の可能性がきわめて高いことが,ラィオンタマリンとマーモセットの種間関係を解析することによって明らかになった。

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Wear facets and cusp cavitations on the maxillary first molars in platyrrhine primates were observed based on functional aspects of dental wear. 411 specimens from all platyrrhine genera and Tarsius were examined by SEM concerning cusp cavitation, wear facet production, microwear as indicator of functional feature, included angle of Phase I and II, and the relative length of Phase I.
In Callitrichidae, cusps show a greater influence by puncture-crushing than by chewing. Buccal shearing and lingual crushing are emphasized, however, grinding is not developed except in Callithrix and Callimico. In Saimiri, less puncture-crushing than in callitrichid genera, buccal shearing and bucco-lingual crushing are developed. Grinding facet is formed in parallel with tooth wear. In Aotus and Callicebus, functional contrasts are shown as followings; Aotus is emphasized in crushing and grinding, whereas Callicebus is insisted in puncture-crushing, shearing and crushing. In Cebus, puncture-crushing represented the lightest of all. Specific function is not too much emphasized to absorb the others. All the facets are developed well and expressed by heavy crushing feature. In Ateles and Lagothrix, the state of cusp cavitation is not severe, although excavated rate is high. Buccal shearing is not developed and lingual grinding is extremely emphasized. The functionally specialized division between buccal and lingual sides is observed. In Brachyteles and Alouatta, heavy puncture-crushing, buccal shearing and lingual grinding are emphasized. The condition of these genera is thought as functional inconsistency. In Pitheciinae, puncture-crushing and Phase I facets are hardly existed, however, grinding is emphasized extremely. No occlusal area seem to act by high occlusal pressure.
Based on these results, primitive features in Saimiri are defined, then the functional relationships of molars among platyrrhine genera are discussed referring their foods and adaptive zones.

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Hershkovitz (1977), who classified the marmoset genus Callithrix into C. jacchus, C. argentata and C. humeralifer, presented the baseline for all the current research and investigation on the marmoset taxonomy. After then, however, some new forms have been described and there is still controversy in the species arrangements.
In the Atlantic region, C. jacchus, C. penicillata, C. kuhlii, C. geoffroyi, C. flaviceps and C. aurita are recognizable as distinct species on the basis of the information of natural hybridization and the trend of current marmoset taxonomy. On the other hand, it is difficult to show a general trend of species arrangements in the Amazonian forms because taxonomists are divided as to the species recognition. However, C. argentata, C. humeralifer, C. emiliae in Pará-Mato Grosso, and C. humilis at least are considered as valid species.

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サル類の公衆衛生学的研究の一環として,東京都内動物商およびペットショップで死亡したサル類5科15属22種96個体について,寄生蠕虫類の調査を実施した。検査動物の属としてはLemur, Galago, Nycticebus, Perodicticus, Aotus, Saimri, Cebus, Cebuella, Callithrix, Saguinus, Leontidius, Macaca, Cercopithecus, Erythrocebus, および Miopithecusであった。その結果,45個体に何らかの寄生蠕虫類を認めた。特に,調べたリスザル12個体とタラポアン14個体すべてに蠕虫類が認められたが,いずれも愛玩動物として人気が高いので警戒が必要とされた。今回の調査では線虫13属,吸虫1属,鉤頭虫2属,すなわちPhysaloptera, Rictularia, Dipetalonema, Gongylonema, Streptococcus, Enterobius, Lemuricola, Crenosomatidae gen., Primasubulura, Globocephalus, Strongyloides, Molineus, Trichuris, Dicrocoeliidae gen., Prosthenorchis, Nephridiacanthusが検出された。このほか舌虫類の若虫(おそらくProcephalus sp.およびArmillifer sp.)が見つかったが,条虫類は見つからなかった。ほとんどの蠕虫類が日本で初めての報告となった。

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There is the hypothesis (Ford, 1980) that the callitrichines, which are rapidly dwarfed, should have relatively large postcanine teeth in comparison with other platyrrhines (non-callitrichines) and the loss of the third molars is probably the result of crowding from the disproportional enlarged molar teeth. In the present study, to test this hypothesis, the allometric relationships between body weight and molar area were analyzed on the basis of species arrangements of recent platyrrhine taxonomy (16 genera and 84 species). The abscissa variable was body weight and ordinate variables were sum of the first and second molar areas and total molar areas in each jaw. After logarithmic transformation of these variables, allometric equations were computed among the callitrichine species (4 genera and 25 species) and among the non-callitrichine platyrrhine species (12 genera and 29 species), respectively. The slopes for the regression lines did not differ between callitrichines and non-callitrichines in each type of molar area. The intercepts were not statistically different between callitrichines and non-callitrichines in sum of the first and second molars, whereas callitrichines were significantly smaller in intercepts for total molar area than non-callitrichines. These results reveal that callitrichines have smaller total molar area relative to body weight than non-callitrichines due to the loss of the third molar. Thus the present study does not support the above-mentioned hypothesis.

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霊長目の中で最も下等な原猿類に分類されるツパイ (Tupaia glis) の特性を検索することを目的として, 体温と活動の日内変動の観察ならびに変動パターンの解析を時系列解析の手法を用い実施した。
供試動物は自家繁殖したツパイ3頭 (成熟雄) で, 実験は恒温, 恒湿, 14時間点燈・10時間消燈の動物室で実施した。体温の測定はテレメトりーシステムにより行った。すなわち, 体温用transmitterを外科的手術により腹腔内に装着し, 無拘束の状態で受信・記録した。同時に活動量記録装置「ANIMEX」を用いて, 活動量の測定を行った。
ツパイの体温は夜間に低く, 35～35.5℃に下がり, 昼間には39～40℃にまで上昇する, 昼夜の差がある二相性のパターンを示した。活動は昼間に集中し, 夜間はほとんどみられなかった。また, 体温と活動のパターンを時系列解析した結果, 24時間周期のいわゆるcircadian rhythmと3～4時間の活動とよく一致したultradian rhythmなどが認められた。以上のことから, ツパイがマーモセットなどのサル類と類似したtropical typeの体温変動を示す動物であること, 体温と活動の関係を解析する上で有用な特性を持つことを知った。また, 体温や活動の変動を分析するために, 時系列解析の手法は有用な手段になると考えた。

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Responses of Japanese macaques to human approaches during winter were quantified as flight initiation distance (FID). I compared FID among several villages that differed in their chase-away countermeasures against monkeys. Juvenile monkeys and females with infants moved further away than other females and males did. In a village with no countermeasures, a researcher could approach nearer to the monkeys than in other villages in which countermeasures were conducted. Furthermore, sex and age differences in FID occurred only in villages in which hunters with guns chased monkeys. There were no sex-age differences in the villages where local people chased monkeys away by shooting fireworks. Although no sex-age differences were found in the non-countermeasure village, the average FID in that village was shorter than in the villages shooting fireworks. These results suggested that monkeys could plastically change their behavior in response to humans and their activities. The chase-away countermeasures of the local villagers seemed to be effective at maintaining a high level of caution to humans in the monkeys and in preventing increased damage to the villages.

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南米大陸の熱帯雨林に生息する広鼻猿類の系統進化に関する研究は, ここ十数年の相次ぐ化石種の発見と分子生物学的手法の発展により飛躍的に進展している。現在の主な論点は, マーモセット類•サキ類•クモザル類 (ホエザルを含む) の大きな3つのグループと, 残りの4属 (リスザル•ヨザル•ティティモンキー•オマキザル)との系統的な関係である。特に後4者の系統的な位置に関しては, 古生物学的な解析,現生種の形態学的解析, 分子生物学的解析のいずれも決定的な結論を出すに至っていない. 広鼻猿類の進化の初期段階で, 非常に短い時間に急速に互いに分岐したのではないかと思われる。

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骨格標本は, 現在まで多くの方法で作製されてきている。しかし, 交連標本も容易に作製できる, カツオブシムシに蚕食させて作る方法の概要についてはほとんど知られていない。頸椎以降の骨格も数多く残され, 貧弱な日本の標本が充実されるように, ムシを用いた骨格標本作製法の実際を紹介した。さらに, 骨格研究の参考資料となるよう, 哺乳動物のみであるが著者の所蔵する骨格標本目録を作成した。

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Human speech and vocal communication of nonhuman primates share many features in semantic ability such as referentiality of calls or pragmatic inference. By contrast, a large gap is found in the phonological ability; vocal learning or volitional vocal control are hardly observed in nonhuman primates. However, recent studies have shown similarity between speech and the vocal, facial communication of nonhuman primates used in low-arousal situations. Here I focused on such vocalizations, called contact calls and close calls. These vocalizations are widely seen among primate taxa. Contact calls function to keep group cohesiveness. Close calls are soft vocalizations used in face-to-face communication and function to signal the benign intent of the caller. These vocalizations exhibit the subcomponent abilities that enables human speech as follows. First, they show some plasticity in usage and acoustic features. The use of close calls becomes partner-specific as individuals mature, and this process is influenced by other group members. The acoustic features of contact calls are modified not only developmentally through interactions with parents but also temporally during vocal exchanges. Second, just as turn-taking in human conversation, timing adjustment has been found in both contact calls and close calls, indicating a vocal coordination ability in nonhuman primates. Third, the facial movements of close calls or lip-smacking have been revealed to be putative precursors of speech rhythm. Finally, some studies have shown that monkeys can acquire volitional vocal control through training. Although primates lack direct projection from the cortex to the vocal control region in the brainstem, initiation of such vocal utterance or lip-smacking involves similar brain areas as in human speech. Further investigation of vocal control during contact and close calls in social, natural settings as well as in experimental settings, would contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary course leading to speech.

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