Japan is an island nation with moderately ‘Wild’ and ‘Mild’ climate and, therefore, we Japanese have the special feature with both moderate logic and flexibility against unpredictable event from old times. The above-mentioned characteristic of Japanese can be made the best use to create a ‘Cultural Engineering’ , which can offer the individual technological values together with mental satisfaction, against a variety of individual desires with different standpoints in unsteady and diverse era. It is useful for an ‘engineering education’ as a practicable technique to employ the ‘Assent-Dissent Discussion method’ that creates a new concept through ‘Sublation-Aufheben’ of disagreement opinions between different fields.

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The term 'right of access' essentially has two sides of implication. One is 'disclosure of information,' and the other is 'right of access to press.' The former has been given concrete shape. But, in Japan, the latter has not been legislated. Japanese courts have not admitted the latter side embodied by the governmental authority. The concept 'right of access' should be expanded into 'policy participation,' I insist. Because the stance 'access' has largely aimed to influence the public policy making. And it may be appropriate that <<actors concerned>> have <<right of policy participation>>. For they know the issue under consideration better than any other <observers>. (Of course, communication among actors concerned, citizens and authorities is indispensable.) At the foot of the paper, I suggest the systematization of <<policy participation of actors concerned>>.

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ビットコインなどの分散型仮想通貨は，P2Pと電子認証の技術を応用してこれまでとは全く異なる価値流通の仕組みを現出した．それは，発行主体の存在しない分散的な構造でありながら，私人間の支払を完了させる価値認証システムである．従来の電子マネーがクローズドループであったのに対して，仮想通貨はあたかも現金のように転々流通する．そして，中央銀行の手によらない通貨発行は，国家が独占してきた通貨高権に疑問を投げ掛ける．本稿では，通貨はなぜ国家が発行しなければならないのか．国家によらない通貨発行は理想であると言えるか．シニョレッジ（貨幣発行益）を独占する者は本当に存在しないのか．仮想通貨の登場が問いかける諸論点について考察する．

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本稿は，I.ウォーラーステインやG.アリギなどの「世界システム」論のアプローチを批判的に援用しながら，「長期」の時間的スケールにおいて「自由主義」と「民主主義」の提携レジームを考察する．その際，20世紀の「30年戦争 1914－1945」における「自由主義」と「民主主義」の「歴史的妥協」，そして1970年代以降の「新自由主義グローバリズム」的再編の下での「妥協」の解体，という論点を強調する．

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Though the whole picture of the paper cannot be described here in this summary, the following points can be the keys to the problematics of the theme. The term 'bipolarization' is often used in Japan of late years. But the category has never been made clear as far as I have surveyed. First of all, the paper aims at constructing theoretical types of 'bipolarization.' By doing this, the category can be clearer. 'Bipolarization' has some relevance to high informatization. For instance, high informatization tends to trigger 'positive feedback,' which can lead to 'bipolarization.' From the economic point of view, high informatization can reduce 'transaction cost.' Essencially 'transaction cost' stems from informational search. The worldwide network really contributes to the search. Moreover, 'bipolarization,' high informatization and reduction of 'transaction cost' affects school education. Nowadays, school education can be one of the objects of transactions in markets. -At the foot ofthe paper, I offered some actual proposals for possible types of school education in such an era.

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