運動量が多い個人が直面する深刻な栄養問題の一つにエネルギー不足があり、その早期発見・早期治療は健康を守るために重要である。アスリート等のエネルギー不足に関しては「アスリートの三主徴」や「スポーツにおける相対的エネルギー不足」が知られており、どちらも原因は「利用可能エネルギー不足」である。利用可能エネルギーの概念では、食事による摂取エネルギーから運動によって消費するエネルギーを優先的に差し引き、運動以外の生理学的プロセスにつぎ込めるエネルギーがどれだけ残っているかを考える。利用可能エネルギーの実測は困難であるが、アスリート等のエネルギー不足を見逃さないためのスクリーニングツールも開発されている。この資料は、スポーツ栄養学における利用可能エネルギーの概念を紹介し、アスリートへの栄養指導等を行う可能性のある管理栄養士・栄養士へ広くこの概念の理解を促すことを目的とする。

現代日本語の「結果」という語には，名詞，副詞句・副詞節の一部，接続助詞的用法，副詞・接続詞的用法にわたる多様な用法がある．本稿においては，近代語および現代語のコーパスを用いて「結果」の諸用法を通時的に観察し，用法拡張の過程について考察した．コーパスの用例調査から得られた知見は次の通りである．(1) 19世紀後半から20世紀初めの近代語コーパスにおいては，「結果」が典型的な名詞用法から副詞句・副詞節の一部，接続助詞的用法に拡張していくさまが観察された．「結果」の前後には多様な形式が接続していた．(2) 20世紀末から21世紀初めの現代語コーパスにおいては，「その結果」「結果的に」「結果として」といった形式が多数を占め，定型化の進行がうかがえる．また，副詞・接続詞的な独立用法も増えている．「結果」に前接・後接する表現の一方もしくは両方が用いられない形式・用法が増加していることがわかった．(3)「結果」の用法拡張および形式の変化は，実質語としての意味の希薄化という意味的変容を伴う場合がある．また，文頭へという位置の変化も注目すべき特徴である．今後の課題として，「結果」のみならず他のさまざまな語についても名詞からの用法拡張について用例調査を行い，異同を考察することが挙げられる．

背景・目的;借景とは、庭園風景のみならず、庭園外の山などの背景をその要素として取り入れたものである。借景の有無によって注意回復要素およびそれを眺めるときの気分状態に差があるのかどうかを検討する。

方法;大学生・専門学校生253名(女性166名、男性84名、不明3名、平均年齢20.5歳（SD＝4.5）)を対象とし、借景で有名な圓通寺の庭園風景をA；借景のある場合／B；同ない場合を評価させた。Bは、Aの画像を処理して借景を消去したものを用い、A、B何れも4枚の写真をエンドレスに提示した。評価測度は日本語版注意回復尺度、およびPOMS、PANASであった。A／Bそれぞれの評価者は134／119名で、各尺度の下位因子の独立t検定を行った。

結果と考察;注意回復要素は何れも非有意で、POMSの「怒り-敵意」、「疲労」およびPANASのNAが有意であった(何れもp＜0.05で、A＞B)。従って、本実験においては、注意回復要素は借景の有無を検出できず、また、気分状態としては得点的には低いレベルにあるものの、借景のある方が悪い結果となった。対象者の範囲や借景の不鮮明さ等の実験上の考慮すべき点はあろう。

 This paper is study on the "Sashihijiki" of the Jusimpo style architecture in the Goryeo era. The subjects of research are the 9 buildings shown in Table 1. The "Sashihijik" of the Jusimpo style architecture in Korea is different from that of China and Japan. The "Sashihjiki" of the Jusimpo style architecture is not the orthodox "Sashihijiki" that is inserted into the column, but the fitted in the top of the column. .In addition, there were two types of "Sashihijiki" in the Jusimpo style architecture in the Goryeo era. One is a "Sashihijiki" that reinforce the structure and the other is a simple "Sashihijiki" fitted at the top of column. The former is found at Sudeoksa Daeungjeon (Fig. 1), Seongbulsa Geugnakjeon(Fig. 2), and so on, and the latter is found at Buseoksa Josadang(Fig. 3), Gangneung Gaeksamun(Fig. 4), and so on.

 They have different geographical distributions(Fig. 7). Buildings with the "Sashihijiki" that reinforce the structure are located in the area near the center of Goryeo Dynasty -namely Gaeseong or Ganghwa, and the buildings with the "Sashihijiki" symply fitted at the top of column are located in the area away from the center. This shows the process of popularization of "Sashihijiki", the old form remains in the areas far from the center, and the more developed "Sashihijiki" spread in the near the center. And it shows the process of development of "Sashihijiki". That is, it changed from a simple "Sashihijiki" fitted at the top of the column to a "Sashihijiki" that reinforce the structure.

 The change to the "Sashihijiki" that reinforce the structure mentioned above was made independently in the Jusimpo style architecture at the Goryeo era. In addition, it is possible that the "Sashihijiki" that was simply fitted in the top of the column also created in Korea. On the other hand, such "Sashihijiki" that is simply fitted in the top of the column is also found in Chinese and Japanese architecture related to Fujian architecture. It is buildings in Kaiyuansi(Fig. 10) at Fujian of China and buildings related to Daibutsuyo style architecture(Fig. 11) in Japan. It considers that such a "Sashihijiki" is a modification of the orthodox "Sashihijiki". Therefore, it is unlikely that such “Sashihijiki” was created independently in Korea at the same time as China and Japan.

 In addition, there is a high possibility that the orthodox "Sashihijiki" inserted into the column was known in Goryeo through Southern Song. In the painting of Goryeo, Ajipdo Daeryeon(Fig. 13), the orthodox "Sashihijiki" brought from the Southern Song is drawn. And "Sashihijiki" of Eunhaesa Gojoan Yeongsanjeon (Fig. 5) is double-layered, and there is posibility that the below one is a trace of the orthodoxl "Sashihijiki" that inserted into the column. That is, there is high possibility that Fujian architecture of China was known in Korea. Theerfore it is considered that under the influence of Fujian architecture from Southern Song "Sashihijiki" was made in Goryeo. And then "Sashihijiki" has developed and spread independently in the Jusimpo style architecture of Goryeo.

　“Ibasho” is a Japanese word combining “i”(being) and “basho”(place) and was originally used to describe a physical location. Since the 1980s, non-institutional places with keywords such as “ibasho,” including “takurosho,” “community cafes,” and “kodomo shokudo” opened simultaneously around Japan. Afterward, some of these non-institutional places were institutionalized, used as models for institutions or incorporated into institutions. However, a question arises as to how ibasho, that is, non-institutional places, can be institutionalized. Therefore, this paper discusses the institutionalization process of non-institutional places and case studies in architectural planning research involved in this process.

　Referring to previous studies, the fundamental difference between non-institutional places and institutions is taken as follows. Namely, the function of ibasho will be prepared in response to people's demands. Contrary, functions of institutions are predetermined in advance of people's demands. “demand-function” relationship is inverted between ibasho and institutions. Therefore, it is possible to consider the institutionalization of non-institutional places from the perspective of the inversion of “demand-function” relationship.

　Materials analyzed in this paper are 31 papers published in the “Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering” with “ibasho” in the title between 1997 and 2019. I consider the methodologies of these papers.

　Ibasho initially meant a non-institutional place, but many of these papers considered ibasho to be associated with institutions. By focusing on the critical subjects and the research aims of these 31 papers, this paper found the following disputable issues such as (a)inversion of “demand-function” relationship, namely, regarding the places studied as means to fill the scarcities, and (b)generalizing research findings from the case studies.

　Twenty of the 31 papers focused on various scarcities, and target places were selected to solve the scarcities of which were supposed by researchers. In some of these papers, researchers try to grasp people's needs or suggest needs to people before starting the research to fill in the scarcities. This is the preemption of people's demands by others, thus leading to the inversion of “demand-function” relationship, where functions should be prepared by responding to people's demands.

　Nineteen of the 31 papers aim to generalize research findings, but none of them explain why research findings from a limited number of case studies can be generalized, and this makes a leap in logic. One strategy employed to overcome this leap is to situate the places studied in certain existing frames. The frames referred to here are the building types of institutions, but ibasho can not have such frames, because of being a non-institutional place. In some of these studies, researchers define ibasho as their study objects from the viewpoint of functions and situate them in certain existing frames, thus treating them like institutions. Another strategy employed to overcome this leap is to reduce the phenomena found in their research objects to some physical and/or psychological elements and interpret them. In papers that aim to generalize research findings, it is implicitly assumed that the research findings can be applied to institutions or places that have not yet existed. The fact that institutions or places have not yet existed means that people who supposedly demand something can not be, is also leading to the inversion of “demand-function” relationship.

　Through these methodologies, architectural planning research leads to the inversion of “demand-function” relationship. The accumulation of knowledge that inverts “demand-function” relationship will be useful for institutionalizing ibasho.