The third Shogun Tokugawa Iemitu dispatched the patrol inspectors all over the country. for the first time in 1633 (the 10th year of Kan’ei). This dispatch was a shared patrol that divided the country into six regions. When the inspectors of each group had competed their duties, they brought back the Kuni-ezu (provincial maps) of each province and submitted them to the shogun. At this time, there was no information about the style and content of the map, so the maps of each province were not uniform in size, drawing style, or contents. Therefore, the shogunate reduced the size of the map to a size that could easily accommodate, the style and content of the map, and created a small-reduced copy of 68 sheets of provincial maps. Incidentally, the author names this secondary manuscript of the 68 provinces’ nationwide maps as “Nippon rokuju-yoshu zu”. This collection of small maps still exists in the family library of several leading daimyo such as Akita, Okayama, and Yamaguchi. The shogunate compiled the national map of Japan (Kan’ei type A) using this small secondary manuscript. This is the first national map of Japan created by the Edo Shogunate.

The author’s research suggests that the first provincial maps of the 68 provinces collected by the patrol inspectors in 1633 were completely destroyed by the Edo Castle fire in 1639. Therefore, it is not possible to know the specific contents of the original temporary Kan’ei 10th year patrol inspector’s map. Thus far, there have been no reported examples of manuscripts or copies of the map of Kan’ei 10th year inspector’s map. However, I was able to confirm the existence of a copy of Suō-Nagato, a pair of provincial maps, which was the Hagi clan submitted to the patrol inspector in 1633.

What was particularly problematic in this study was the fact that Iwakuni Castle had been drawn on the Suō map of the Kan’ei 10th year patrol inspector’s map. Since the dispatch of the patrol inspector was eight years after the Genna “one country, one castle” decree, the illustration of Iwakuni Castle is unnatural. It is generally said that about 400 castles were quickly destroyed by Genna’s decree, However, in realty, it seems that the destruction of each owner’s castle was confusing. In the case of Iwakuni, the destruction of the castle, was not one at a time, and the method of destruction was gradual. The shogunate, which reflected on the Shimabara Rebellion that occurred in 1637, especially requested the countries of western Japan the destruction of the old castle. It was the strong request of the shogunate after the Shimabara Rebellion, that Castle of Iwakuni was destroyed in earnest.

The Iwakuni Castle depicted in the 1633 submission is very different from the one shown in the Keichō provincial map and is a rough depiction reminiscent of an emergency restoration after it was destroyed. The Iwakuni clan’s response to the Kan’ei 10th year patrol inspector was formal and ceremonial, and the full-scale destruction of the castle must be followed the strict demands of the Shogunate after the Shimabara Rebellion. Judging from such a process, the Suō-Nagato provincial map that the Hagi clan submitted to the patrol inspector in 1633 was inadequate. However, Iwakuni Caste was replaced by an old castle in the small secondary manuscript that was later remade by shogunate based on the inspector’s map in 1633 (the Kan’ei 10th year).

抄録全体を表示

　１．近世陣屋の構築と領域をめぐる問題
　江戸時代、幕府から城を持つことを認められなかった大名は領内に陣屋を構築した。幕府側は、諸大名を「城持ち」以上とそれ未満に分け、大名の序列をつける基準の一つとしていた。大名以外にも、高禄の旗本が陣屋を構築していたり、大名の重臣が地方で陣屋を構築することもあった。
陣屋の構築は、幕府および大名の所領構造と深く関わっており、城との相違を指摘できる。武家諸法度やによって結果的に政庁となる城を増やせない以上、代用となる構築物が必要であった。それが陣屋でありそのような問題を解消する役割をもっていた。城を補完するように陣屋が各地で構築され、不要となれば破却された。
２．幕末の蝦夷地陣屋
　幕末に構築された蝦夷地陣屋は、奥羽の盛岡藩、仙台藩、会津藩、久保田藩、庄内藩が幕府の命を受けて蝦夷地警備および領地経営の拠点とされた。蝦夷地は奥羽諸藩の本拠地である陸奥・出羽両国の飛地領ともいえるが、年貢徴収をはじめ農民統制を目的としない領地経営であったことから、これまで全国の諸大名や旗本が飛地領支配のために構築してきた陣屋と全く異なった。
　奥羽諸藩は幕府から共通の目的を指示されていたために、陣屋の構築場所を①海岸付近ないしは河川の下流付近、②高台としていた点はほぼ共通しているが、強風等を避け厳しい自然の下で耐えられる状態にしておくことも構築場所選定の条件のひとつとして考えていたようである。
３．陣屋形態の変遷
　幕末の蝦夷地に構築された陣屋は、江戸時代前半に構築された陣屋と形態上異なる。それは、家主と家臣団が居住することを目的していないからである。陣屋は、周囲に土塁と出入り口の門、土塁内は日勤・寝食、食料備蓄、武具や火薬収納に関する建物で構成されていた。
　近世以前の陣屋は戦時の際の臨時的な陣場であったが、近世になると全国各地で政務の場の建物群を指し示すようになった。幕末の蝦夷地に構築された陣屋は近世以前の臨時的な陣場に近い。しかし、構築物は銃火器を強く意識した堅固なもので、陣屋形態の相違は明らかである。近世陣屋の多様な形態を整理すると、当時意識的に「城」と区別しながら、軍務ならびに政務の場の構築物に対して「陣屋」と称してきたのであろう。

抄録全体を表示

It has been supposed that Uto Turret was removed from Uto to the Kumamoto Castle. But it is only a hypothesis. This study aims to clarify this assumption is not True, by the old literary documents. The Uto Turret was originally built by order of the feudal-lord Kiyomasa Kato in the Kumamoto Castle about A.D. 1602, not transferred from Uto. The name of Uto Turret was derived from the offices which installed in it and arround it. In these offices, Kato's feudal government controlled the vassals of ex-feudal-lord Yukinaga Konishi.

抄録全体を表示

Prior to the 14th Century, there were but 3 local cities of political importance, Dazaifu, Hiraizumi and Kamakura, in our country. In the end of Ashikaga Era, along with the increase of population and circulation of currecy, the commercial and industrial activities were stimulated, and the metropolitan civilization crept into the local life and the air of local city foundation is gradually fermented. The more direct motive was the change of the technigue of fortification of local land lords. The present paper deals with the foundation of local cities from historical point of view, condenced from the Doctor thesis prepared by the author.

抄録全体を表示

本研究では, わが国の近世城郭跡の保存と活用を目的とした公園化による環境整備がどのようにすすめられているのかを明らかにし, 史跡保存のため新たな史跡公園化の方途を探ることを目的とした。国内90ケ所の城址公園を対象として行った調査により, 多くの事例において史跡指定→指定地内の土地公有化→施設の移転→遺構の発掘調査→復元整備→史跡公園化といった事業のプロセスが確認された。

抄録全体を表示

Today, there exist two types of the Nihonsouzu (General maps of Japan) of the early Edo era which seem to have been compiled by the Edo Shogunate. For certain reasons, we refer to the kind stored at the Hasuike Library of the Saga Prefectural Library as Type A, and that at the National Diet Library as Type B. The latter has been well known from comparatively early times and explained over years as the general map of Japan being descended from the“Keicho Nihonzu”, which was originally drawn on the basis of the Keicho Kuniezu.
This author has previously insisted that the above mentioned, commonly accepted theory should be revised, and that this map ought to be called“Kanei Nihonzu”based on the fact that province figures of the Type B Nihonzu do not always coincide with those of several Keicho Kuniezu when compared. Furthermore, it has exceptionally detailed land name descriptions for the Shimabara Peninsula in Kyushu, and therefore it could have been produced after the Revolt of Shimabara. Though the author's view is generally accepted, there are some opposing views preventing it from reaching complete recognition. As to the other Type A Nihonzu, nothing decisive is known about its establishment, but the author assumes that Type A is older than Type B based on their figures and content. However some say that Type A is newer than Type B because it is superior in the forms of both the Tsugaru and Shimokita Peninsulas embracing Mutsu Bay located at the northern end of Japan.
Feeling responsible for having caused controversies over the Nihonsozu of the early Edo era, the author made a special presentation at the 1993 conference to clarify this problem, but failed to write any paper about it. However, later on, three other pieces of information related to the present problem were discovered; 1) another Type B Nihonzu, only one of which had been known to exist until then, was found to exist in the Ikedake Library at the Okayama University Annex Library and to have a list of Kokudaka (amounts of crop yield) in each province which were omitted in the map at the National Diet Library. Also the lord names shown with tags pasted on the castle locations were different from those on the map at the National Diet Library; 2) several maps of entire Kyushu which have exactly the same figures as the Kyushu part of Type A Nihonzu were found to exist; and 3) as the overall Kuniezu which had been offered by local patrolmen to the Shogunate in 1633 was confirmed to exist, it became necessary to compare it with the figures of both Type A and B Nihonzu. Under these circumstances, the author would like to clarify these considerations on the Nihonsozu of the early Edo era, while reporting the results of the studies carried out subsequently.
When the Kokudaka of various provinces on Type A and B are compared for each province, a difference between the two types is found in 15 out of 68 provinces nationwide. The overall tendency is that the Kokudaka indicated in Type B are larger than those in Type A. While the Kokudaka on Type A are exactly the same as those cited on the Keicho Kuniezu for both the existing Suo and Nagato provinces, there is a slight difference between the two for provinces like Hizen, Chikuzen, and Settsu. So far as this comparison goes, it comes to light that Type A is older than Type B.
While such places as Morioka in Mutsu and Shingu in Kii are illustrated as castle towns in both Type A and B Nihonzu, Marugame in Sanuki is not. The castles in Morioka and Shingu were built in 1633, whereas Marugame castle, which had been deserted, was reconstructed by Ieharu Yamazaki in 1641. Judging from this, it can be assumed that both Type A and B maps were drawn between 1633∼1641.

抄録全体を表示

　歴史における日本の城の配置を，経緯度や時間の軸で，Web上に配置する．時間を制御することで，城の生成から消滅までを，地図上で配置する．これで，新たな視点を開くことができるのではな いか，知ることはないかという目標で作業を開始した．Web上でつくる上で参考にしたものに，例えば，文化遺産オンラインがある．これは現時点で文化遺産となるものを掲示したものである．ここでは城とをいう歴史的建築物を経緯度や時間軸で保存している．Webで表現するために，このコンテンツを HTML5，CSSとJavaスクリプトを使用して記述した．モニターの出力サイズに対応して，レスポンシブWebデザインで表現を行った．

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this paper is to restorate "Kotensyu" in Yonago castle. Yonagp castle was built by Hiroie Kikkawa and Kotensyu was built in about 1596. But it was destroyed in Meiji period, so there are no existing buildings now. There are some historical pictures drawn in late Edo period. So we can know about some details of Kotensyu. Kotensyu shows the appearance of Early Borogata Tensyu, and there are no remained Castle Towers built before 1600, so it is important for studying Borogata Tensyu to restration Kotensyu in Yonago Castle.

抄録全体を表示