Legal measures to deal with the issues of “owner-unknown land” are limited to taking certain actions to remove urgent risks on the owner-unknown land or to ask family court for appointing administrators of that land in the current civil law of Japan. Legal reforms are necessary to improve the management of, to reduce the accumulation of, and to prevent the increase of the ownerunknown land by combining civil law measures with public law measures under the basic land policies in Japan to be identified as the promotion of public involvement.

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保険法17条2項は，責任保険について，「被保険者が損害賠償の責任を負うことによって生ずることのある損害をてん補するものをいう」と定義する。したがって，責任保険は加害者の保護を第一義的な目的とする保険である。その一方で，この保険には被害者保護機能がある。本稿は，保険金からの優先的な被害の回復の制度として当初検討されていた被害者の保険者に対する直接請求権の制度について概観し，なぜこの制度が立法化されずに保険法22条では特別の先取特権の制度が定められることとなったのかという点について，両者の比較を行いつつ，先取特権の制度を導入することの意義と問題点を明らかにし，同条によって被害者を保護することについて検討する。

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Die deutsche Zivilprozessordnung enthalt zwar keine Regelung uber die Pfandung verschiedener Forderungen eines Schuldners gegen mehrere Drittschuldner gleichzeitig in ein und demselben Beschluss. Aber in der Praxis werden die Forderungen an mehrere Drittschuldner durch einen Beschluss gepfandet. Die Arbeitsgruppe sieht es, dass diese Situation Probleme des Datenshutzes aufwerfe. Sie schlagt daher vor, durch Aufnahme eines Satzes 3 in § 829 Abs.1 ZPO eine ausdruckliche gesetzliche Grundlage fur die Aufnahme mehrerer Drittschuldner in einen Pfandungsbeschluss zu schaffen. Obwohl auch in Japan ahnliche Situation es gibt, doch steht die Untersuchung uber diesen Problemkreis noch aus. Unter Berucksichtigung der deutschen Losungsansatze nimmt der Verfasser dazu Stellung.

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The modern welfare state has to be built on a democratic basis. In order to preserve a welfare state which is human and responsive to people's needs, systems of justice as a forum for establishing rules of law and for debating policies and issues of legal value must be established.
The systems of justice should, in the author's view, have a comprehensive structure consisting of a variety of mechanisms for redress so that the ideal of universal access to justice can be realized. There should be exploration toward creation of effective mechanisms which can function as intermediates between litigation in court and negotiation by the parties. Japan is the most suitable place for developing a theory on comprehensive systems of justice, since mechanisms designed for dealing with settlement of disputes in the intermediate stage, including, among other things, traditional mediation and new procedures for handling administrative grievances, have proven to be successful.
Functional interrelation or exchange can be found among various mechanisms. Legal standards established by court decision penetrate other processes, while standards formulated in the process of mediation or handling grievances sometimes penetrate judicial decision. That is to say, ripple effects run in both directions in comprehensive systems of justice. Starting from such hypothesis, the author examines the multi-level structure and real function within the systems by analyzing social facts and court decisions.

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