Eggs of the Nagoya breed of chickens are characterized by a bright cherry blossom-colored eggshell and a thick, full-flavored yolk. The eggshell is covered by white spots of calcium carbonate, while the yolk has a deep color and a higher ratio of yolk weight compared to that of White Leghorn chickens. As for nutritional characteristics, the lipid content of the yolk is significantly higher in Nagoya compared to that in White Leghorn. As for physical characteristics, the yolk viscosity of eggs is higher in Nagoya than that in White Leghorn. Recent findings using an artificial taste sensor revealed the high umami taste intensity of Nagoya egg yolk compared to that of White Leghorn. As for processing properties, the emulsifying ability of the yolk of Nagoya is superior to that of White Leghorn. The hardness and elastic modulus are high in the boiled eggs of Nagoya compared to those of White Leghorn. From these findings, Nagoya eggs are characterized by the yolk. Thus, it is proposed that this characteristic is one of factors responsible for the palatability of eggs of Nagoya chickens.

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To investigate the influence of casting defect on the fatigue strength of aluminum die casting materials, fatigue tests were conducted on four type of aluminum die casting materials. The fatigue strengths were evaluated by using the stair case method for small sample size (JSME Standard S02-1981 14 S-N testing method) and √area parameter model using the statistics of extreme values of casting defect. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) The origin of fatigue crack is casting defect caused by various die casting method except ADC24Z. (2) The square root of casting defect area (√area) follow the statistics of extreme values. (3) The fatigue limits predicted by the √area parameter model are in good agreement with the fatigue limits by the 14 S-N testing method.

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Effects of aging temperature and the casting method, squeeze casting and Pore-Free (PF) method on fracture mechanic characteristics were investigated for aluminum alloy die castings ADC12. The results are as follows. (1) For both methods, the mechanical properties improve and fracture toughness increases due to heat treatment. The tensile strength and the 0.2% proof stress are greatest at the smallest aging temperature of 473K, while the strain to failure and fracture toughness are the lowest. (2) For as-cast die castings, the mechanical properties in the case of squeeze casting are worse than these in the case of using the PF method. On the other hand, fracture toughness of squeeze casting is the same as that of the PF method. (3) For both methods, fatigue crack growth resistance in the low-ΔK region decreases due to the transition from eutectic Si to spheres. (4) In the Paris regime and high-ΔK region, fatigue crack growth resistance increases due to heat treatment and is almost the same for both casting methods.

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We have studied clinically and radiologically the short-term results of Yamamoto-Mark III total knee replacement in 29 patients (38 knees) with rheumatoid arthritis (16 patients, 23 knees) and osteoarthritis (13 patients, 15 knees) . The mean age of patients at surgery was 65.0 years (50 to 81) and the mean period of follow-up was 32.6 months (6 to 67) . Clinical assessment was made using the three universities' knee rating score. The femorotibial angle and the setting position of the components were observed on postoperative serial radiographs and were evaluated by Ueo's radiological scoring system.
The following results were obtained: 1) The mean clinical score improved from 42.9 to 73.1. 2) The insertion angle of the components was variable and the mean radiological score was 68.5. 3) There was no significant positive correlation between clinical scores and radiological scores. 4) In general the short-term results were satisfactory.

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The fracture toughness, K_max, which dose not satisfy the requirement for the plane-strain, of aluminum alloy die castings reinforced with NiAl and Ni₃Al, intermetallic compound, and SiC particles has been studied by 3 point bending tests in the temperature range from 20°C to 300°C. The K_max's were almost comparable in the materials investigated ; the highest in unreinforced alloy, and then SiC-, Ni₃Al- and NiAl-particulate reinforced one in the order. These appear to be attributed to the microscopic characteristics observed in the fracture surfaces and longitudinal cross-sections : (1) debond at matrix/particle interface and fracture of particles, (2) size and aspect ratio of particles, and (3) precipitates in the matrix. The K_max decreased with an increase in particulate volume fraction because of decrease in the amount of plastic deformation in the matrix and damages associated with particles. The K_max's in the reinforced alloys at 20°C were comparable to those at 200°C. The temperature dependencies of K_max appeared to be associated with those of 0.2% proof stress.

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  Effects of silicon content are investigated on tensile properties and crack propagation behavior of Al-Si-Cu alloy die castings. The specimens are made by the low velocity shot die casting method. Silicon content of alloy is varied from 8.6 mass % to 15.4 mass %. The tensile strength and the elongation of hypo-eutectic Al-Si alloys are higher than those of hyper-eutectic Al-Si alloys. In the case of hypo-eutectic Al-Si-Cu alloys, a crack propagates through the eutectic phase in inter-dendrite region or α-Al dendrite. In the case of hyper-eutectic silicon alloy, the primary silicon acts as the origin of fracture because primary silicon crystallizes with facet planes. The crack mainly propagates through primary silicon grains or along eutectic silicon. Primary silicon particles tend to segregate in case of low velocity injection casting. This macro-segregation of primary silicon particles deteriorates the mechanical properties. Especially tensile strength decreases with increase of segregation.

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Fatigue crack propagation characteristics of a eutectic and two hypereutectic Al–Si–Cu die casting alloys were investigated, where the stress ratio was 0.1 and the load frequency was 50 Hz at an ambient temperature. Relationships between fatigue crack propagation characteristic and microstructure have been dicussed. The fatigue crack propagation rate decreases with increasing Si content in a low stress intensity factor range, ΔK. In this range, the crack propagation rate is very slow because it is considered to increase effects of crack deflection and branching induced crack closures with increasing Si content. At a high ΔK, because the effects of crack closures are decreased, the higher the Si content, the higher the fatigue crack propagation rate becomes. In this study, the fatigue crack propagation rate for the Al–15%Si–T5 alloy becomes higher than the other two alloys. It is considered to decrease effects of crack deflection and branching induced crack closures with many intermetallic compounds in the Al–15%Si–T5 alloy. The fractographic study on fractured specimens after fatigue crack propagation tests reveals the fracture surfaces consisting of the cleavage fractures of Si and intermetallic compound particles, and the striation pattern in α–aluminum.

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We performed bilateral total knee replacement (TKR) on nine patients using the Kodama-Yamamoto Mark-III prosthesis and resurfacing the articular surface of the patella unilaterally. The results of the replacement of the articular surface were compared with those of the side with no replacement. All but one of the nine cases underwent simultaneous bilateral procedures. There were seven cases with rheumatoid arthritis and two with osteoarthritis, eight women and one man (average age, 61.7 years) . The average follow-up period was 2 years, 3 months.
There was no difference in clinical evaluation using the knee assessment score designed by the three universities between the side of the resurfaced patella (P plus side) and the un resurfaced side (P minus side) . But there was more incidence of patello-femoral pain and crepitus in the P minus side than in the P plus side. The incidence of radiographical change of the P-F joint was a high 44.4% in the P minus side. No loosening of the patellar prosthesis was seen in the P plus side.
We therefore consider that routine replacement of the P-F joint is advisable with Mark III knee arthroplasty.

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The effect of microstructure, especially DAS II (Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing) and chill layer in ADC10 aluminum alloy die castings on the tensile properties, the fracture toughness and the crack propergation is examined by preparing the die castings which have different DAS II and different thickness of chill layer cast under several casting conditions by cold chamber die casting machine. The results are as follows. (1) The tensile strength increases with the decrease in DAS II and there is the Hall-Petch relation between DAS II and 0.2% proof stress. While DAS II doesn't affect the fracture strain. (2) As a crack propagates through the boundary between α-phase and eutectic Si crystal, the increase in DAS II makes the fracture surface be rougher and it causes the increase in the fracture toughness. (3) The tensile strength and the surface hardness of chill layer are higher than substrate. It is possible for the reason to be not only relaxation of stress concentration due to small DAS II but also strengthening by solid solution due to the larger amount of occluded copper and magnesium.

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In the RA-afflicted hand, rupture of the extensor tendon is frequently seen, especially in the advanced stage of RA-afflicted wrist joints. Since 1983, this had been operated on in 22 afflicted hands of 20 patients in the author's department, and a follow-up study of these cases was performed.
All 2 0 patients had classical RA according to ARA criteria and 17 of them were female. Ages ranged from 46 to 78 years with an average of 60.3 years. The duration of the disease was from 9 months to 20 years with an average of 8 years. Rupture of the EPL tendon occurred in 3 hands, that of the Index-E.D.C., E.I.P. in 2 hands, that of the ring finger-E.D.C. in 6 hands, that of the ring finger-E.D.C. in 16 hands, and that of the little finger-E.D.C., EDM in 18 hands. The right hand was operated on in 14 patients and the left hand in 7. The interval between the time of rupture and the time of surgery was about 4 weeks in the majority of cases.
Surgical procedures included bridge tendon graft in 16 hands, tendon transfer in 4, and end-to-side suture in 3. Synovectomy of the wrist joint and the peritenon was performed together with resectioning of the distal end of the ulna in all patients except for the 3 with ruptured EPL. The palmaris longus tendon was mainly used for the tendon graft.
The follow-up period ranged from 4 months to 5 years, 5 months, with an average duration of 2 years, 5 months. At the follow-up, the range of motion of the MP joint was measured. Most patients were satisfied with post-operative results except those with end-to-side suture, in which marked limitation of the flexion of little fingers took place.
It is suggested that when the extensor tenosynovitis is remarkable with dorsal dislocation of the distal ulna end, prophylactic synovectomy of the digital extensor tendons and wrist joint, along with resectioning of the distal ulna end, is necessary to obtain satisfactory and durable postoperative results.

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In order to study the effect of as-cast surface on the fatigue properties of cast aluminum alloy, 4 point bending fatigue tests were carried out in air and sprayed 3.5vol% salt water. As the results, no effect of the as-cast surface on the fatigue properties was found both in air and corrosion environment. This was mainly caused by the effect of shrinkage cavity in surface layer, which was responsible as a fatigue crack initiation site: The very thin surface layer hardly showed resistance to fatigue crack initiation. That means that the presence of the as-cast surface brought no improvement of the fatigue strength.

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Postoperative results of total knee arthroplasty were assessed clinically and radiologically. Kinematic anteriorly joint type total knee arthroplasty was carried out on 47 knees of 30 rheumatoid patients. Patella resurfacing was not performed on 42 knees. The mean age of patients at time of surgery was 54.3 years (range, 30-75 years) and the mean follow-up period was 7 years (range, 5-11 years) . Clinical results were assessed using the Criteria for Evaluating Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Knee of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. The average score was 37.9±9.4 before surgery, which improved to 67.3±16.1 at follow-up. Pain in the patello-femoral joints was found in 16 knees (34%), all of which except one had no patella resurfacing. Radiographic findings revealed that of the cases without patella resurfacing, these was a tendency of patella subluxation as well as patella infra (lateral shift of the patella was 13.9 ±5.2 mm, lateral tilt of the patella was 14.4 ± 4.9°and Insall-Salvati's ratio was 0.84 ±0.17) . There was no significant correlation between the radiographic deterioration and severity of pain in the patello-femoral joints. These results suggest that patella resurfacing should be performed in TKA for rheumatoid patients.

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Long-term results of kinematic stabilizer total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were assessed clinically using the knee score of the Japanese Orthopedic Association. TKA was carried out on 43 knees of 24 rheumatoid patients. The mean age of patients at time of surgery was 57.3 years and the mean follow-up period was 11.2 years (range 10-15.2) . The average knee score was 36.5 before surgery, which improved to 60.3 at the final follow-up. This was statistically significant (95%CI, P<0.0001) . One patient had femoral loosening but there was no revision surgery. Three patients received intrascopic treatment for pain in the patello-femoral joints. Activities of daily living (ADL) decreased with time in some severe cases with multiple joint destruction, incomplete spinal palsy, and renal failure induced by amyloidosis. Our results suggest that kinematic stabilizer total knee arthroplasty is a good form of treatment for RA patients.

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Fifty-six patients (71 knees) with gonarthrosis (49 patients, 61 knees) or rheumatoid arthritis (7 patients, 10 knees) treated with porous-coated anatomical (PCA) total knee system were reviewed clinically and radiographically. The mean age at surgery was 68 from (54 to 80) and the mean period of follow-up was 2 4 months (9 to 4 4 months) . Clinically the patients were evaluated by the three universities' knee rating score, and the femoro-tibial angle, setting position of the components, and appearance of radiolucent area were observed on postoperative serial radiographs.
The following results were obtained: 1) All clinical symptoms except range of motion improved after surgery. 2) No significant complications of the patellofemoral joint were observed after resurfacing the patella. 3) Components were satisfactory placed. 4) Radiolucencies mainly appeared at the medial, lateral and posterior areas of the tibial component.

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The clinical results of reconstruction of ruptured extensor tendons in rheumatoid hands were investigated from September 2000 to May 2001. Surgical treatment was done for ruptured extensor tendons in 32 digits of 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We started fitting dynamic splints at the third postoperative day, and started active exercise.
Ranges of active flexion and extension of MP joints, and the ROM of wrist joints were examined.
A postoperative program using dynamic splints was superior to casting, in terms of improved MP joints flexion and maintaining wrist ROM, despite the remaining deficient extension of MP joints.

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ODSの逆相カラムと30mMドデシル硫酸ナトリウム (SDS) 添加移動相でのミセルクロマトグラフィー (MLC), UV222nmにより, メタノール処理血清中のアンピシリン (ABPC) が定量でき, 牛血清中ABPCは回収率約98%, 検出限界0.4ngであり, 牛, 馬および豚の血清については血清由来の妨害ピークは認められなかった. 血清中ABPCは,-40℃ では3日で79%, 7日で63%, 5℃ では3日で56%, 7日で43%に低下した.

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日本の動物園において、サシバエによるトナカイの吸血被害が発生している。フルメトリン1%製剤噴霧施用後のトナカイ体表のサシバエ数の減少の持続期間を明らかにすることを目的とした。動物園の飼育トナカイ4頭を供試し実験を行った。製剤施用前にトナカイ体表のサシバエ数を調査し、その後、トナカイの四肢および腹部にフルメトリン1%製剤10 mlを噴霧した。トナカイ体表のサシバエ数を10〜15時の間に目視およびビデオカメラ画像から計測した。製剤施用前と製剤施用後についてMann-Whitney検定によって比較した。調査は8月17日から8月26日までと、8月29日から9月15日までの2期間に実験を行った。期間1では製剤施用後5日目まで、期間2では製剤施用後9日目までのトナカイ体表のサシバエ数が減少した。

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