This paper analyzes the transformation of local resource use and village communities in a snowy ski resort area of Japan, focusing on changes in resource use patterns and the role of village communities on group, individual and family levels.
　　　Before 1950s （Period I）, the use of local resources in Ota village of Iiyama City was mostly confined to agricultural and forestry production, but shifted to ski tourism-related purposes during the period of high economic growth （Period II）. It has been shifting to year-round tourism use since the second half of the 1990s （Period III）. The scope expanded from farmland and community areas, to forest and hill space, and then to a whole range of regional resources.
　　　Local resources were used and managed by all community members during Period I. In the early stage of Period II, all community members were involved in ski tourism activities in one form or another, as lenders of land, owners of farm-inns and workers in ski resorts. Village communities themselves invested in and established ski resort corporations. But as ski-tourism expanded and external members joined, the role of village communities regarding resource use changed. Village communities withdrew from the maintenance of ski resort areas, leaving that role to corporations. External sources and local governments began to take a lead in fund raising and/or tourism expansion. During Period III, as the ski tourism boom receded, heterogeneous groups including women’s group, youth groups and inn managers grouaps ventured into new activities to attract tourists throughout the year, utilizing other local resources. They started torrent rafting, traditional cooking, open-air music festivals, and other activities.
　　　At the individual and family levels, it was found that local resource use was affected by changes in generation and gender factors. Parents, mostly fathers of then-current generations, introduced ski tourism to increase income. The then-current generations expanded it. And now, their wives and sons/daughters are venturing into various types of new year-round activities. Women have emerged as managers of family- based businesses, but with a generation time lag.
　　　Transformation in the role of village communities and changes in the life course of individual families have been the major driving forces promoting new use of local resources in an attempt to generate new income sources in snowy mountain villages.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristics of activities for maintaining rural community by collaboration with non-residents of family members by focusing on the case of Nishiotaki, Iiyama City, Nagano Prefecture. As a result of our survey, it was revealed that there are three types of way non-residents of family members are involved with community activities: participation in only recreational activities; participation in only required activities; and participation in both recreational and required activities. It was also found that year after year, the number of the non-residents who are involved with community events or associations has increased, but the number of them is limited, because some of them have more than one role in the community and all of them are not interested in the community activities. Therefore, it is necessary to think to involve non-residents who are not family members in the community activities.

The purpose of this study is to determine the elements required for the reception of non-residents who are not family members into rural communities using interview data and some documents, and to reveal whether the elements reflect an actual situation by considering the case of Nishiotaki in Iiyama City, Nagano Prefecture. A total of 49 elements were extracted. Around 2015, non-residents who were not family members started to participate in community activities in Nishiotaki. This study focuses on the processes of receiving three people in Nishiotaki. During the processes, the residents invited them to dinner and drinking parties so that they could establish close relations with the residents, and participate in community events and associations such as the traditional festival in August, the cultural festival in November, the winter sports festival in March, as well as the youth association in order to discover their own roles in the community. By investigating the processes of receiving them and checking these processes against the 49 elements based on the interview data and participant observation data, it was found that Nishiotaki satisfies almost all the elements. Therefore, Nishiotaki can indeed receive non-residents who are not family members. In addition, it was revealed that the 49 elements do reflect the actual situation. It is important that rural communities facing population decline involve the power of outsiders by using these 49 elements.

本稿の目的は，スポーツと地域活性化について，スポーツ社会学やスポーツ経済学など隣接領域の研究成果も参照しつつ，日本の地理学的研究の動向とそこで提起されてきた主な論点を整理し，今後の研究充実に向けた課題を提示することにある。日本では近年，スポーツが地域活性化の手段として用いられてきた。周辺地域では高度経済成長期からスポーツによる開発事業が本格化し，積雪山村にはスキーリゾート，海浜地域にはマリンリゾート，都市郊外にはゴルフ場が建設された。都市では1990年代以降にスポーツを手段とした都市再生戦略がブームとなり，スポーツ施設の建設・更新，クラブ・チームの立地とホームタウン活動，メガイベントの招致・開催などが行われてきた。これらは，当該地域に一定の経済効果をもたらしたほか，地域イメージの向上に貢献したり，住民が再結集する機会を提供したりした。しかし一方で，スポーツによる地域開発は，大規模な施設建設を伴うことから，自然環境を破壊したり，住民の生活環境にマイナスの影響を与えたりした。今後は，「スポーツ＝地域活性化手段」という一面的な捉え方でなく，スポーツのもつ力，スポーツの果たす役割を現場から検証し，学界内はもとより政策立案者とも共有する必要があろう。