EUが行なうさまざまなプログラムを通じた観光政策の展開は, 今日のスペインの観光においてその重要性を拡大させている。本稿では, 特に農山村部の開発を対象としているLEADERプログラムを取り上げる。本プログラムの中で観光の果たしている役割は大きく, 第I期のプログラムでは, 半数以上の活動がルーラルツーリズムに関わるものであった。 筆者は, 観光事業による歴史的建造物の動態保存という観点から, スペインの観光事業をテーマとしているが, 各地方にみられる農山村部の特色ある民家建築をはじめとする社会文化遺産の保存と活用は, ルーラルツーリズムの現状と展望とに密接に関わっている。こうした問題意識から, 本稿は,ルーラルツーリズムをめぐる概念, LEADERプログラムの概要を整理し, スペインにおける機能をとらえながら, 本プログラムの公的資金援助が, ルーラルツーリズムのみに偏重し, 観光の過剰開発をもたらし, ルーラルツーリズムの資源である自然環境や民家等の社会文化資源を破壊する原動力になりかねない危険性をはらんでいることを明らかにした。

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In approaching the correlation between hypophysial-adrenocortical and hypophysial-gonadal axis by the cytological observation on cellular elements of anterior lobe of pituitary, adult male rats of WISTAR strain were used as 7 experimental groups treated by any of the following procedures or their combinations, as bilateral adrenalectomy, castration, administration of 2.5mg of cortisone, and 0.05mg of testosterone propionate per day. All animals were sacrified as a rule in 14 day. Pituitary glands were fixed with periodic acid SCHIFF's reaction (PAS) or a modified aldehyde fuchsin (AF).
The definite changes destined to occured both in alpha and beta-cells following the bilateral adrenalectomy (c. f. TOMONARI 1957) have almost disappeared 14 days after the operation with the exception of some ectomy-induced signs, i. e. the occurrence of fat droplets either in the cell-body or sinusoidal lumina. 14 days following castration, alpha-cells became somewhat atrophic with the consequent result of decreasing number of both intracellular mitochondria and fine granules. Gonadotrophs provided with a pattern of spherical enlarged cytoplasm which includes a signet-ring, and which usually faintly stained with PAS, showed a marked cell population, especially accumulated in so-called sex zone, and contained expanded signet-rings, whereas thyrotrphs characterized by the condensed protrudent contour whose cytoplasm is strongly stained with PAS decreased pronouncedly in number.
14 days after the adrenalectomy and castration in combination, alpha-cells which tended to be smaller in size increased in number, thyrotrophs, on the contrary, manifested an exaggerated reduction both in number and size. However gonadotrophs increased exclusively in parallel to the proliferation of alpha-cells. Thus, by the simultaneous removal of both glands the degree of the changes in alpha-cell resulted in the intermediary step between those of mere respective ablation, while the alterations in beta-cell resembled in nature those of the castration group.
The consecutive administration of cortisone for 14 days to the castrated rats made alpha-cells degenerative or deteriorative, giving an impression of the cell necrosis, which was, however, less seriously than the consumptive sign of those in intact cortisone administered rats. Gonadotrophs considerably proliferated, hypertrophied and hyperplasied, though they were not so much profound as the castration group; a multiplication of gamma-cells may be responsible for the marked reduction in number of thyrotrophs. These observations would mean the preventing ability of the prior castration from the degeneration caused by the injection of cortisone, and further fairly demonstrate the interference activity of cortisone with the pattern of castration.
Prolonged administration of testosterone for 14 day to the adrenalectomized rats produced the numerous alpha-cells with small size in the anterior lobe. It was of particular remark in this experiment that a lot of gonadotrophs almost disappeared, in spite of the reservation of a few number of thyrotrophs; gammar-cells were also compensatorily proliferated. These may involve in the interferential action between the adrenalectomy and injection of testosterone.
Following the prolonged administration of cortisone and testosterone in combination to the intact rats, alpha-cells usually deteriorated extensively to be resulted in the cell shrinkage and collapse. In all areas of the anterior lobe any healthy beta-cell were not detectable; they were always degenerated and decreased in number, and any cells which is to be apparently identified to gonadotrophs no longer take places; there were only observed a restricted number of thyrotrophs with condensed and hyperchromatic cytoplasm; it was a tendency in this case that gamma-cells did not proliferate but be pycnotic.

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One of main difficulties to analyze a service economy is that we still have not a clear concept of services In the orthodox economics, services have been treated in the same way as goods, because they just creat only utilities. This tradition has led to superficial researches in the service economy
The term of goods in this paper is used to signify tangible or intangible objects owned by human beings The term of services is defined as useful functioning or events caused by the goods Both of the definitions are basically in line with the I Fisher's definitions The service contains time and space as essential elements And also, there does not exist any significant service unless the subject (=goods) emanating services has the object (=goods) receiving them Such attributes of service as (1) specificity of time and space, and (2) non-existency in itself, bring about various unique characteristics in transaction of service ex impossibility of service transactions in the case of non-durables, non-storability, non-transportability, irreversibility, externality, uncertainty, variability, and credibility etc. Then, the term of service industries can be defined as the set of establishments which mainly trade or supply services Statistically, we may include all of tertiary industries in the service industry Also, we can broadly define servicialization of economy as raising the weights of service transactions and public services in the total economic activities. (Section I & II).
The influential hypotheses of servicialization have been presented by C Clark, D. Bell, and J Jershuny But, in my opinion, these theories are inadequate because they failed to explain the essential facts of the phenomenon. So, 1 propose the first and second hypotheses in the closed economy and the third in the open economy
The first, human beings gradually become sensitive to opportunity costs of services created by goods which they own or want to own, as the economy develops
The second. various resources (=goods) that are difficult to trade in the form other than services (ex. marketing channel, knowledge, know-how etc.) are accumulated as the economy develops
The third: restraints of Nature revealed on the way of economic development raise transaction costs and/or costs of enlarging production within the economic area, then promote to transfer the accumulated managerial resources out of it, and that accelerates the servicialization within the area.
The first is related with behavior of human beings, the second with attributes of the resources, and the third with the space of economic area. Here, I stress the point that servicialization in itself is the inevitable process in the economic development and is contributable to improving the use of resources If it undermines the economic progress, the main reasons must have stemmed from structural changes caused by the successful development and the restraints of Nature. (Section III)
In place of my conclusions, I propose three basic problems in the analysis of service industries. This first is the problem related with the controversy of unproductive services. This dispute has been caused by not fully understanding the relation between goods (=stock) and services (=flow). So, there never exists, if not disservice, any unproductive service.
The second is that we have to devise an appropriate statistical method to transform the current value of service product into the real one The present method totally neglect quality changes of services, the aspect of which is the most important in service transactions
The third is that any equilibrium theory is incompetent, irrelevant and harmful in the case of analyzing the kaleidic world of services They ignore essential elements such as irreversible time, space, and cognitive function of human beings In my opinion, neo-Austrarian theories of market process based on human action are very useful to the analysis of service industries. (Section IV)

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The author conducted a case study for the purpose of examining the role, effectiveness and limitations of nonviolent disobedience in resolving the conflict between an instructor and his superior in a junior college community. The following assertions were examined as a result. (1)Parties to conflicts, as well as other teaching staff members, managed to avoid treating students wrongly without detracting from educational quality. (2)Nonviolent disobedience is a method allowing those in weak positions, and those subjected to coercive power by superiors ignorant of nonviolent problem solving methods, to cope by themselves without taking action induced by the suppression or eruption of their own emotions, and even without the other parties’cooperation. (3)Because practitioners of nonviolent disobedience are also parties to conflict, it is difficult for them, as third parties, to plan training programs for nonviolence and conflict resolution, and to educate all members of the community. (4)In the case of disobedience, it is difficult to obtain the cooperation of other parties to the conflict even in nonviolence, and difficult to build relationships of trust, which makes it hard for mutual character transformation or growth to come about. (5)When one person practices nonviolent disobedience, there is a risk that he or she will be isolated or sacrificed if his or her group structurally practices harassment bullying or the like.

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