薪炭な家庭並に小規模の營業用燃料として今後も引續き使用すろは特殊の場合を除くの外我國情は之な許さぬ石油、瓦斯又は電熱の類は便利にして且つ経濟的に安價なりとするも我家庭に普及せしむうには到底其の供給力が件はぬ從て固形燃料の使用は我國の現状に必要的である我國は歐米に比し優良なる家庭用天然固形燃料に乏しきの故な以て有煙質歴青炭類の使用が漸次其の量な堰すとともに輸入によう無煙炭の使用も参からんとして居る一概に家庭燃料と云ふも臺所用には稍や短時間に高熱を應用する場合多く長時間に亘り低温を發揮ぜしむる煖房用の熱とは其の熱源を異にすろ事が利益が多い粉状無煙炭秘主原料とする煉炭は本邦獨特の製法にようもの多く適當なる燃焼用器具によりて厨爐にも煖房にも適ぜしむる事が出來又養蠶用乾燥用の如き營業にも使用せられ漸次木炭代用品となり從て煉炭の製法にも幾多の種類が出現して來れ事務所、學校、商店等に於て瀝青炭な不用意に煖房用とし☆る弊害は漸次認められ識者間には塊状無煙炭並に骸炭類な用ふるもの漸く増加し輸入品なるが故比較的に高債なる一噸六〇圓位の無煙炭も之に相當するストーヴを用ふれば式〇圓の有煙炭か在來のストーヴに使用するより却て有利なる事が知らるゝ様になつた結果、要債なる粉状無煙炭な原料とする煉炭又はだ有煙質瀝青粉炭に加工して無煙質としたリグノ煉炭が煖房並に厨爐方面に鷹用の途か拓れたと共に下向通風燃嶢法應用の特殊ストーヴを用ふれば塊状瀝青炭も無煙燃焼の煖房用たうに適する事が剣つれ要するに燃料には餘り恵まれざる我國も其の自然の歸趨として國情に適すべき各種の加工方法が案田ぜちれ穴るは大に楡侠とする所である

抄録全体を表示

理工学に関する科目の講義では教科書だけではなく,学生諸君に実物に触れさせるか,あるいは概念を理解するための教材を示すなど,様々な工夫が必要である。このため東京工業大学では各学科で教育効果を高める各種の試みがなされており,その一端が大学の広報誌(東京工大クロニクル:No.318(1998))に報告された。ここでは編集を担当している東京工業大学広報委員会の許可を得て,その一部を各著者による加筆修正を加え事例報告とするものである。本報告では,分野の異なる5人の著者により,講義に対する工夫や新しい試みについて,その具体的事例が述べられる。

抄録全体を表示

Two galena samples from Kamioka and Kansas were subjected to the measurement of electric properties and of acid leaching rate, with or without thermal treatment.Electric resistivity as well as Hall coefficient of Kamioka galena is lowered greatly by its thermal treatment at the temperature range of 100-250°C in an inert atmosphere, whereas Kansas galena is not influenced so much.The thermal treatment effect on the carrier concentration or Hall mobility of Kamioka galena is also quite different to those of Kansas galena.
It might be possible to propose the impurity scattering mechanisms to both Kamioka galena and Kansas galena and the acoustic phonon'scattering mechanisms to thermal treated galena samples.
However the conducting mechanisms of untreated Kamioka galena is more complicated than that of untreated Kansas galena.
The acid leaching rate of Kamioka galena is enhanced by thermal treatment, while that of Kansas galena is retarded significantly.
The changes in leaching rate are directly related by the formation of elemental sulfur.

抄録全体を表示

The Heian eruption (Eruptive episode A) is the latest activity of Towada Volcano, Northeast Japan that occurred in the 10^th century A.D. The activity comprised both magmatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions, that produced deposits of corresponding faces. It is proved that the Heian eruption started with a magmatic eruption and was followed by a phreatomagmatic eruption, then the magmatic-phreatomagmatic cycle repeated once, and finalized by effusion of a large pyroclastic flow. This eruption sequence is constructed on the basis of our new recognition of the second phreatomagmatic deposits in the proximal area (OYU-4), and correlation of the proximal base surge deposits (OYU-S) with the distal phreatomagmatic deposits (OYU-2). The Towada caldera including the vent of the Heian eruption (Nakanoumi caldera) is known to be abundant water in the Heian Period. The Heian eruption indicates that the magmatic eruption does occur in the existence of abundant water in the early stage of eruption and it migrates into the phreatomagmatic explosion as time passes. This eruption sequence provides evidence that the silicic magma does not necessarily cause phreatomagmatic eruption even in the presence of enough water.

抄録全体を表示

Recent progresses in researches on large-scale pyroclastic flows and their source calderas are reviewed. Subsurface structures for the Valles type caldera at Long Valley and Yellowstone are confirmed by means of seismic profiling, gravity, deformation measurements and drilling. Pyroclastic flows, lake deposits, moat rhyolites and slumped megabreccias fill the caldera floor. Basement formations are subsided up to 1-2 km tilting block-wise up to 10 degrees. No major rupture is confirmed on the basement formations. Existence of ring fracture is clearly proven based on geochronological and petrological data of moat rhyolite and component analysis of lithic clasts within pyroclastic flow deposit. Head of magma reservoir beneath Long Valley Caldera is located 4.5-7 km below surface and the reservoir size is comparable to the surface caldera depression. On the contrary, subsurface structure for Japanese funnel-shaped caldera is not yet confirmed clearly. Major interests on recent researches for large-scale pyroclastic flow are concentrated on grain size analysis and numerical or model experiments of fluidization to reveal flow and emplacement mechanisms. Ground surge, ground layer, fines-depleted ignimbrite and co-ignimbrite ash fall are defined based on grain size analysis. Co-ignimbrite lag breccia deposit is recognized as proximal facies. Low-aspect ratio ignimbrite is considered to be more turbulent than regular pyroclastic flows. Gravitational column collapse model is proposed. Fluidization experiments show that the pyroclastic material is not always completely fluidized compared with the case of well-sorted industrial material suggesting the semi-fluidized behavior of pyroclastic flows.

抄録全体を表示

Recorded volcanic activity of O-sima volcano in the historic age [table]

抄録全体を表示

How has Quanjude, a restaurant renowned for its Peking Duck—a local specialty of Beijing—developed in the wake of China’s economic reform? Although Quanjude is classified as a state-owned enterprise, it cannot be considered a brand that has developed only by virtue of this classification.

Should the role of longstanding enterprises be considered similar to that of other state-owned enterprises? Along with many other longstanding enterprises, Quanjude was founded in the Beijing district of Qianmen, which is located in the jurisdiction of the city’s municipal government. Then, how is Quanjude viewed by the Beijing government?

This study attempts to investigate the status given to longstanding enterprises by the Beijing government with reference to the two paradoxes proposed by Martin Whyte (2009) regarding “decentralization of authority” and “a return to matters rejected during the Cultural Revolution.”

With a principal focus on four topics, this study undertook a detailed investigation of a broad range of materials that included statistical yearbooks as well as current articles and journals. It found that (1) brand value is protected as intellectual property through certification as a “China Time-honored Brand,” and this cultural resource is reflected in the policies of the Beijing government. (2) Apart from commercial activities, these enterprises are simultaneously engaged in activities that cannot be considered primarily profit-oriented. Although longstanding enterprises have developed on the basis of the principle of competition, they are grounded in the relationships of “mutual aid” by which large-scale enterprises drive SME firms through partnerships that enable omni-channel marketing through outlets such as brick-and-mortar stores and online shopping. (3) Areas with high concentrations of longstanding enterprises (and thus of tourism resources) represent a shared resource and therefore require certain macro controls that enable them to address the preservation of this resource. (4) Finally, the ownership and governance structure of longstanding enterprises include elements of a conglomerate structure that is conducive to effective policy implementation by the Beijing government.

The Beijing government thus positions longstanding enterprises as both “commercial firms” and a “cultural industry,” while some of these firms also possess properties distinct from those of more conventional state-owned enterprises in terms of how they exercise influence by embodying businesses embedded in the community against a background of history, culture, and politics.

抄録全体を表示