における近代以降の瓦の生産，流通，使用について，『風俗誌』及び自治体史の記録より考察を試みた．これ以外にも，瓦そのものに残された刻印が生産者を特定できる，文字による記録とのマッチングが可能であることを指摘した．

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Two kinds of steroidal sapogenins were isolated from the total plant or the rhizome of Reineckia carnea Kunth, a Liliaceous plant originating in Japan and China. One came as needle crystals of m.p. 208-210° and was characterized as diosgenin by admixture and elemental analyses. The other melted at 298° and its analytical values agreed with C₂₇H₄₄O₆, and the analytical values of its acetate, m.p. 226°, agreed with triacetate, C₃₃H₅₀O₉. The infrared absorption spectrum of this acetate showed the characteristic absorption band of 22-isosteroidal sapogenins and the absence of carbonyl and presence of one hydroxyl not undergoing acetylation were assumed in this molecule. It seemed to be a new steroidal sapogenin and the name of kitigenin was given for it.

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The author, who is studying the development of water-power utilization in Japan from a standpoint of historical geography, analysed, in former articles (in the Human Geography, vol.19, No.5, 1967, and others), the situation of water-power utilization in Nara Prefecture in the so-called water-mill age. According to his conclusions, water-mills were mainly distributed in the villages of the Yamato Plateau, north-eastern part of the Prefecture, and gathered in some towns and villages of the Nara Basin, north-western part of the Prefecture (fig. 1). These water-mills were usualy used for rice-cleaning, flour-milling, oil-pressing, cotton-ginning, spinning and so forth.
In Japan, the first hydroelectric power station was built in 1892, and after that the new era of water-power utilization was inaugurated. Thirteen years later, namely in 1905, the first project of hydroelectric power station, whose plan was to harness the River Yoshino, was started in Nara Prefecture. After this planning, many projects rushed in the Prefecture, especially on the rivers of Totsu, Kitayama, Yoshino, in southern part, and on the rivers of Uda, Nabari, Hase, in northern part. According to the application-list of these early projects which were applied to the prefectural government during 1905 to 1918, almost all were channel type power stations, which are shown in fig. 2 by arrows and black figures.
Even if only 32 projects were realized among these early 97 projects, it may be noticed that the distribution pattern of hydroelectric power schemes in Nara Prefecture was much different from that of old-time water-mills, as we can see in comparison of fig. 1 and fig. 2. Also in the Yamato Plateau district, where the water-power was intensively exploited through the periods of water-mill and hydroelectricity, similar difference of patterns is discerned distinctly. In this Yamato Plateau district, water-mills used to be built in the villages which were situated on this plateau, while electric power stations were constructed on the marginal scarps of the plateau, where rivers, such as Hase, Shirasuna, Nunome, flowed down torrentially (fig. 3). By the characteristics of this regional pattern, any conflict didn't occur between the traditional system of water-power utilization and the new-born system of hydroelectric power schemes.

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Today, there are many Gobakas (_??__??_)-- burial ground built up by some villages --in the middle of the Kinki district. Some of them are chiefly seen in the Nara basin. I call the territorial circles of the Gobakas the Hakogogroups. I'm going to make clear their historical foundation and meaning.
In the Nara basin, the Gobakas are distributed from the western side of the Yamato plateau to the northern side of the Ryumon mountains, and the eastern side of the Kongo mountains. And some of them are occasionally distributed in the center of the basin in addition to these territories.
The territories where the Gobaka distributes happens to be accord with the territories of the Jodo sect, and that is distributed in the territory of the Yuzunenbutsu sect, too. The Gobaka is hardly distributed in the teritory of the Jodoshinshu sect. There are burial ground at every village in this territory. The distribution of the Gobaka is closely related to the Buddism sects. The Buddism sects of the Hakadera itself--the temple managing the graveyard--is mostly the Jodo sect. But there are many opinions about the relation of the Hakadera and the Jodo sect.
The Gobakas mostly stand on the foot of the mountains and the hills. In the center of the basin, the old mounds are often made use as the Gobaka. I suppose that the place of the Gobaka is the graveyard where many people had buried before the circles of the Hakago-groups were formed.
Most of the Hakago-groups can not be identified with the Suigo-groups (villages combined by irrigating water), the Sango-groups (villages combined by wood), and the Miyago-groups (villages combined by a shrine). I thought that the territorial circles of the Hakago-groups were the traces of baron's sphere of influence which held their respectve stronghold in the latter half of the Middle Ages in the Nara basin. These barons were called Shuto (_??__??_) and Kokumin (_??__??_) in manors of Kofukuji.
Since the Edo Era, the territorial circles of the Hakago-groups have not been changed. Therefore, it is certain that they were formed from the 15th century to the 16th century, at least to Bunroku (_??__??_).

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