This article aims at investigating the significance of the draft provisions on piracy, commonly known as “Matsuda Draft,” submitted by Michikazu Matsuda, a Japanese lawyer-diplomat, to the League of Nations Committee of Experts in 1927, by examining the historic and legal background of the draft and Matsuda’s views on international law.

The Committee of Experts was established by the League in 1924 and consisted of international lawyers from various countries to select topics of international law to be codified. Matsuda Draft, together with the so-called Harvard Draft, is widely known among current scholars as an important precedent of the formulation of the concept of piracy in international law. However, it is still unclear how the draft was drawn up and what kind of historical significance it has for the relationship between Japan and international law in the interwar period. This study compares the original text, which was initially submitted by Matsuda to the Committee, with the final draft, and then clarifies the background to the drafting of this document and its historical significance.

Matsuda Draft was the first official attempt to formulate a definition of piracy. What is more important from the perspective of the history of Japan’s relationship with international law is that a Japanese international lawyer prepared a report on piracy, consolidated the various opinions expressed on it by the experts in the Committee, and reflected them into a draft treaty. This fact provides a basis to reconsider the conventional view that prewar Japan was reluctant or negative about the development of international law.

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Rev. Henry Wood, Chaplain of U. S. flag-ship “Powhatan”, taught English and some other subjects to nine interpreters at Nagasaki for 2 whole months of September and October, 1858. His teaching was a success: the students, who had already had certain knowledge of English, made proficiency in the studies. In the course of the teaching activities, Rev. Wood was able to find opportunities of telling his students about Christianity. The series of his letters to New York Journal of Commerce, quoted in Spirit of Missions, describe his experiences in detail, which are quite rare, valuable and interesting specimens of English teaching and learning at dawn in Japan.
The sincere efforts made by Key. Wood in teaching English secured the confidence of the Governor of Nagasaki as well as the confidence, respect and affection of his students. This led Rev. Wood to believe that it would be possible for a missionary, who would come to Japan as a teacher of English, to transmit the truth of Christianity to the Japanese even under its prohibition. This was actually a confirmation of the statement on introducing Christianity to Japan made by Capt. A. H. Foote of U. S. ship “Portsmouth”, who visited Shimoda and Hakodate in 1857.
Dr. S. W. Williams, a Presbyterian, and Rev. E. W. Syle of the Protestant Episcopal Church, who visited Nagasaki at that time on U. S. ship “Minnesota” with the aim of ascertaining the possibility of implanting Christianity in Japan, heard from Rev. Wood about his teaching experiences, and wrote to the Mission Boards suggesting early establishment of mission stations in Japan.
The friendly feelings of the Governor and the authorities at Nagasaki toward Americans created by Rev. Wood's labors worked favorably for the first missionaries to come to Nagasaki.
Teaching English to the Japanese became one of the major activities of the early missionaries, whose great contribution to the civilization of Japan has been highly appreciated.

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 This paper clarifies the house types and their transformation in Xiguan Dawu district, Guangzho, which is the old port city in southern coast of China, based on intensive field study. Traditional houses are usually classified into three types which are xiguan dawu, zhutongwu and qilou. Xiguan dawu is the form of quadrangle, si- he-yuan, zhutongwu is a type of town house with narrow frontage and qilou is the form of 2 storied shop houses with arcade. Authors clarified their variants of each type, .that are new urban house types. And this paper clarifies the transformation pattern of house types and discusses the relationship between house types, focusing on transformation process of house.
 The study is mainly based on the following field surveys, the contents of which are (a) land uses; distribution residential, public, sanitary, commercial, etc., facilities, (b) distribution of the buildings the number of floors and the type of building construction and (c) measuring house plans (31 dwelling units) with making questionnaires to inhabitants on attributes of family members date of building, ownerships, rental fee, and so on.
 Xiguan Dawu district, Guangzho had been prosperous district as the center of the commerce and economy in Southeastern Coastal area of China, from ancient times to Qing dynasty. Guangzho is one of the oldest international port open to the foreigners from the west including Muslim Arabs and the first port where England established the concession in the mid-19^th century.
 Xiguan Dawu district is divided into 22 subdistricts, 3 of which are the targeted area being consisted of 7 shequs(Neighbourhood units).Streets of the area are classified into three levels. The first level streets are used by various mobiles to which many facilities and shops faced. They are the busiest streets and full of stalls bicycle-drawn carts and peddlers in the morning and evening market. The third level streets which are branched from the first level streets or the second level streets are directly connected to individual dwelling units. The third level streets often end to crud-sac and are used as semi-public space.
 Most of the area are residences. Government agencies, educational institutions, medical facilities and other public facilities Offices are distributed in the area. In addition, commercial facilities and business facilities, such as firm are distributed.
 Authors classified 34 house plans(31 measured + 3 from documentations), focusing on number of spans in front and depth. We can still find Chinese traditional courtyard house types, xiguan dawu, zhutongwu and qilou, but almost all houses are occupied by several households. Our field surveys shows the target area is rapidly changing.
 As for new house types, this paper clarified the new urban house types, i.e. house types sharing exterior stairways and semi-detached types. Discussing the relationship between basic house types and their variations, we identify the transformation pattern of house types. Pointing out the existence of new urban house types and clarifying transformation pattern of house types are the major results of this paper.

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For the Taiwan expedition (1874) and military action to suppress local resistance after the SinoJapanese War (1894-5), Japanese navy prepared nautical charts re-engraving from British Admiralty charts. Concerning place names, Japanese Hydrographical Office tried to transcribe those on British charts into Chinese characters locally used. However, it was not easy to infer exact Chinese characters on the basis of transliterated alphabetical local place names on British charts. Although a Chinese nautical chart titled Da Qing yi tong hai dao zong tu 大清一統海道總圖 (General map of the Chinese coast and sea-routes) re-engraved from a British chart was consulted, even place names of major ports of Taiwan on it were not always correct, because it transliterated many local place names phonetically into Chinese characters. After a process of trial and error up to 1905, place names in Chinese characters conformed to local use were put on Japanese charts of Taiwan.

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The summer resorts of China began at the end of the 19th Century under the colonial policies of western countries. But since 1920s, the progress of nationalism has influenced every social territory in China including tourism and its development. In stead of the foreigners, Well-to-do Chinese became the leading character in summer resorts' management. The passionate nationalism didn't make the resorts stagnation or call the conflicts between foreigners and Chinese just like those in the same period. This paper aims to clarify the establishment of summer resorts under colonial policies and its development under nationalism.

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It should not be forgotten that Marx・Engels' point of view on the World History changed greatly during 1850s. In their famous "Manifesto of the Communist Party" 1848, they insisted that the development of the capitalistic world market might diminish the weight of nationality and national rivalry. The national rivalries had reached their utmost height in the eighteenth century. But, they thought, after the Industrial Revolution and the free trade movement, economic intercourse among the various nations became more and more deeply. They thought that the western capitalism built up the civilized society just like itself everywhere it had intruded. Instead of the national rivalry, they insisted, the class struggle between the capitalist and proletariat became the most important factor in the history. In this point of view, we can find the influence of the classical economy, that is, its concept of the world peace through the free trade movement. Of course, there was the fundamental difference between the concept of the classical economy and that of the marxism:the former grasped the world economy from the standpoint of the bourgeoisie and the latter criticised it from the standpoint of proletariat. Nevertheless, the latter accepted the cosmopolitanism of the former. After the crisis of 1857, Marx・Engels began to reorganise their point of view on the World Hisory. They found that the traditional society in Asia could not be destroyed easily through the economic intercourse with the european capitalism. They found that asian society had the special community and the special land tenure which resisted intruding of the european goods. From this point of view, it might be said that the capitalistic world economy contained two extremes in it:the one was represented by the european capitalism and the other was represented by the asian society. The movement of the capitalistic world economy destined not only from the situations of the western capitalism but also from the conditions of the asian societies. After 1857, they began to recognize the nationalism among the under-developped or colonized countries to be important factor in the World History.

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Nizhegorod Fair, as the biggest fair in Russia and following in the tradition of the 1817 Makarievskaya Fair, not only organized the network of all internal Russian fairs, but also played an intermediary role as the hub of trade between Asia and Europe in the mid-19th century. It also made use of the geographical advantage of its location on the Volga River. The commercial sphere of Nizhegorod Fair stretched across the Eurasian continent, from Western Europe, including England, Holland, and France, to Asia, including Persia, Central Asia, and China. With the first industrialization of Russia and the revision of Russian customs policy on exports to Persia, the focus of Nizhegorod Fair was transformed from foreign trade to internal trade in orientation.

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