緑茶品種‘さやまかおり’は茶の重要害虫であるカンザワハダニ, クワシロカイガラムシに対して抵抗性を持ち, かつ寒害, 霜害にも強く緑茶育種の抵抗性育種素材として極めて重要な存在である.‘さやまかおり’は埼玉県茶業試験場において, 静岡県茶業試験場より取り寄せた茶品種‘やぶきた’の1947年産自然交雑種子中より選抜されている.‘さやまかおり’は極端な立葉, 際立って濃い葉色, 特徴的な鋸歯等々, 一般的な日本在来のチャにはほとんど見られない特徴的な形態形質を有している.これらはその後代の形態形質に大きな影響を与えることが再確認され, 優性効果の大きな遺伝子に支配されていることが推定された.従って‘やぶきた’がそのような形質を有していない以上, ‘さやまかおり’の花粉親に必須の条件と考えられた.これらの特徴的な形態形質を指標に静岡県茶業試験場内より‘さやまかおり’の花粉親としての可能性が多少なりとも疑われる栄養系を全てピックアップした.選ばれた78栄養系はいずれも海外, 特にそのほとんどが中国からの導入系統であり, 日本在来のチャは含まれなかった.これらを‘さやまかおり’の花粉親候補とし, ‘やぶきた’および‘さやまかおり’を用いてDNAマーカーによる親子鑑定を行った.その結果, ‘さやまかおり’の花粉親として合致するものはなく, ‘さやまかおり’の花粉親はすでに現存しない可能性が高いと判断された.

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チャでは形質転換体の作出が数多く試みられてきたにも関わらず，再現性のある形質転換系が確立しているとは言い難い状況にある．これは効率的で安定した培養系が確立していないことが最大の要因である．効率的で安定した培養系を確立するためには，培養条件のみならず，その材料も検討する必要がある．我々は材料の遺伝的能力に着目し，チャ遺伝資源130系統の自然交雑種子を用いて高い体細胞胚形成能を示す系統のスクリーニングを行った．外植体には，自然交雑で生じた果実の未熟種子内部の子葉を用いた．次亜塩素酸ナトリウムによる表面殺菌後，幼葉および幼根を切除した外植体をMS培地（3.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminoprine（BA），3.0%ショ糖および0.2%ゲランガムを含む）に置床し25 °C，暗黒条件下で培養を行った．外植体の反応は，まったく変化のなかったもの，肥大したもの，体細胞胚の形成が認められたものの3タイプに大別でき，品種・系統間でその反応は明らかに異なった．体細胞胚は，カルスを経由せず子葉の表面から直接形成された．中国導入系統‘枕 -Ck2’を種子親とした自然交雑種子の子葉培養において高い体細胞胚形成率が認められ，この系統が形質転換系の確立のための有望な材料であることが明らかとなった．

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We made an investigation into the current status of agrochemicals used for cultivation of Cornus fruit in four cultivation provinces in China: Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi and Sichuan. As a result, no agrochemicals except for aluminum phosphide were used in any province. Furthermore, we quantitatively determined the contents of residual pesticides on Cornus fruit which were available commercially in Japan. Although we were not able to obtain any Cornus fruit from Anhui in the Japanese market, seven and one pesticide residues were detected in the samples from Henan and Shaanxi, respectively, and none of those were detected in the samples from Sichuan. The amounts of the six pesticides, other than isocarbophos and triazophos in the samples from Henan, were less than each upper residual limit for fruit stipulated in the Food Sanitation Act in Japan, so we retested on the other three samples from Henan. As a result, isocarbophos and triazophos were not detected in those samples from Henan.

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1996年12月から1997年12月までの1年間, 中国のハイイロオオカミ(Canis lupus)の生態と保護に関する日中共同研究を行った.中国では, 大型食肉類の中でハイイロオオカミのみが保護動物に指定されておらず, 絶滅が懸念されているが, その生態についてはほとんど知られていない.痕跡調査とテレメトリー調査のための捕獲を試みたが, オオカミの密度が低いこと, 捕獲場所に制限があることなど様々な研究上の問題に直面した.行政資料の分析, 聞き込み調査の結果, においてはハイイロオオカミの個体数は1980年代以降に急激に減少していることが明らかになった.その要因としては, 耕作地や林場の拡大で引き起こされた生息地の破壊などによる餌動物の減少が考えられた.

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Studies on Chinese urban societies under the planned economy tend to use the Chinese term “danwei” to depict the self-contained features of urban firms. However, this study proposes to view them as “isolated societies” instead. The purpose of using this term is to shed light on the difference in the degree of isolation between various urban firms under the planned economy. The industrial firms erected under the “Third Front” program were the most isolated from their surroundings among Chinese firms, while those located in traditional industrial cities were less isolated.

This study focuses on Shanghai’s “Small Third Front”, which consisted of 81 projects built by the Shanghai Municipal Government in the mountainous region of southern Anhui Province during the late 1960s and 1970s. It produced rocket ranchers and artillery shells for the military under the direction and support of the Shanghai Government. All inputs for production were either transported from Shanghai or supplied by specialized plants in the Small Third Front. Staples for the employees such as grain, meat, tobacco, sugar, and soap were also transported from Shanghai. The Small Third Front was thus isolated from its surrounding rural societies in its production and daily life.

The Small Third Front was also isolated in marriage. Most of the employees married some other employee in the Small Third Front or left their spouses in Shanghai. Inter-marriage with the surrounding rural population was rare, because there were wide cultural gaps between the employees who came from Shanghai and the local population. Only 5 percent of married couples were between the employees and local rural residents.

However, societal relationship gradually developed between the Small Third Front and local rural residents. Local peasants sold vegetables and eggs to the employees and used the facilities for the Small Third Front’s employees such as clinics, schools, and movie theaters. The Small Third Front provided cement, steel, electricity, water, and even money to the surrounding rural societies to maintain good relationship.

The Small Third Front’s plants were transferred from Shanghai to Anhui Provincial Government during 1986 and 1988 and most of the employees that came from Shanghai returned to Shanghai. Tens of thousands of Anhui peasants went to Shanghai later for work, taking advantage of their connections with the former employees of Small Third Front. This fact reveals that the Small Third Front was not absolutely isolated from its surroundings.

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Anatomical variations were investigated in rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and A. chinensis, which are original plants of chinese natural medicine "Cangzhu". In A. lancea, three groups are recognized. The first group, all members of which are growing in Maoshan mountain, Jiangsu Province, is characterized by having smaller size of oil cavities, little phloem fiber and absence of cotton-like white crystals. The second group is of plants only in Taohuachong, Hubei Province. In the rhizome of this group polarized and thread-like crystals are observed under a microscope. The third group occurring in Anhui, Hubei, Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong Provinces shows rather wide ranges of variations of oil cavities and fibers in phloem and xylem. In contrast to A. lancea, A. chinensis has narrower ranges of variations in rhizome anatomy, and subgroups are not recognized in the species. Compared with A. lancea, A. chinensis, as a whole, has smaller size of oil cavities, and much more fibers in xylem. However, variations of these characteristics are partially or in some cases entirely overlapped with the variations in A. lancea, and there are materials not exactly identified as the one of the two species.

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In China, through land-right transfer, large-scale farming of grain production has been improving productivity and has become an important part of overall grain production. This paper reports on a large-scale farming questionnaire survey undertaken in Anhui Province, a grain production province, which yielded information on investment of large-scale farming and the situation of land-right transfer clear based on the results. In addition, the paper reports on the capital accumulation of large-scale farming formed by "concentrated farmland transfer" in an earlier stage and the forming condition of large-scale farming. As for the forming condition of large-scale farming, in addition to the promotion policy for the land-right transfer, it is very necessary to collect a huge investment to afford to buy the needed machinery. Thus, the farmers who have advanced capital accumulation from early times have become enterprise-like large-scale farms at present. On the other hand, the farmers who accumulate funds through the low wages of the part-time jobs and out-migrating work, can only expand the land scale by "dispersive farmland transfer". Therefore, the manner of land scale expansion is clearly different between the small size and the large size, although they are all known as large-scale farming. However, some of large-scale farming which is still small can also collect enough capital by "dispersive farmland transfer" gradually, and collect enough capital to expand the land scale by "concentrated farmland transfer".

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メコン川の下流域，ラオス南部のChampasak省とカンボジアのStung Treng省およびKratie省にメコン住血吸虫Schistosoma mekongiが分布している.日本住血吸虫の媒介貝とは異なった水棲の微小な巻き貝Neotricula apertaが中間宿主である.ラオスでは1989年から1998年までWHO/保健省によるpraziquantelの集団駆虫が実施された.1994年及び1999年に実施された糞便検査では対策の効果が評価され(虫卵陽性率 0.4 -0.8%)，本症は終息したかに思われた. ところが2002年にWHO/保健省の合同調査，2003年にはNakamuraらがコーン島周辺地域で実施した糞便検査により虫卵陽性率は10.8%から50%にもおよぶことが明らかになり，集団駆虫プログラム終了後短期間で本症の再興が確認された. ラオスの有病地には数千の島が存在し，川の流れは複雑で，乾期には岩盤が露出し，感染が起こる箇所は川岸以外にも無数に存在する.こうしたラオス特有の状況が，本症の実態把握や対策を一層困難にしている.一方，カンボジアにおいては多くの国際支援を受け，保健省/WHO/MSF/SMHF等による集団駆虫が1995年より実施され，8万人とも推定される流行地住民における感染率は激減し住民の健康状態が確実に上昇している.ラオスとは異なり人の住む島が少ないことが対策の効果を挙げていると考えられる.しかし中間宿主貝が今なお生息していること，保虫宿主が存在すること，上流のラオスでは，コーン島以南からカンボジア国境までの島々に激しい感染が再興しはじめたことなどから，カンボジアにおいても再流行の懸念は拭えない.メコン川流域における住血吸虫症対策は，今後とも流行地の実状に即した監視体制の確立と継続が必要である.

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中国では2020年までに日本住血吸虫症流行根絶を目指して施策が進められた結果，国内の流行は急速に減少し，2010年の新規感染者登録数は43例であった.中国国内の中間宿主貝Oncomelania hupensis hupensisは，主に揚子江水系に沿って繁殖地が存在し，日本住血吸虫症もそれに一致して分布する.流行地の地理的な特徴から，湖沼型，山丘型および水網型の区分があり，流行地の環境特性に応じてOncomelania貝にも多様性が見られる.住血吸虫症対策では中間宿主貝対策は決して主要戦略にはならないが，その動向をモニターしながら対策戦術を効率的に投入することは今後益々重要となる.そのためにヒトと中間宿主貝双方の感染状況を正確に把握することが必要で，様々な技術革新が検討されてきた.私たちは揚子江中流域，の流行地をモデルにして，流行状況把握の指標としての貝の感染率評価を簡便で精度高く把握することを目指して LAMP法の導入を図っている.これにより，生息する貝の感染状況をより正確に把握するシステムが構築されつつある.このシステムを対策現場に応用する上での問題点を整理し，中国の住血吸虫対策を如何に効率化するかが当面の課題である.現状を紹介して今後の指針を考察したい.

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Kenaf is being appreciated anew in Japan as a substitute of pulp woods from viewpoints of global environmental conservation. Japan Kenaf Association focussed one of the projects on assistance to kenaf pulping in China and several times sent missions to Hunan and Anhui Provinces and also to the Headquator of kenaf project in China, Paper Industry Development Corporation in Ministry of Light Industry, in Beijing.
This paper reports the survey on the present status and future plan on R & D concerning with kenaf cultivation and papermaking from kenaf bast and whole stems in China. It can be concluded that there are three important areas for development of kenaf papermaking, Yuanjang City, Hunan Province, Huainan Auhui Provice and Zhejiang Province. Kenaf papermaking plan in the 8th 5 Year Plan was also outlined.

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