本研究では、音声言語による要求（例えば、「○○ください」など）は可能である一方で、返礼行動（例えば、「ありがとう」など）の出現が少ない自閉性障害のある小学3 年生の児童1 名を対象に、まずは家庭場面における事前評価を実施した。その結果、他者から物品を提供される機会（物品提供条件）が最も多かったものの、他者から援助の手を差し延べてもらう機会（行為提供条件）、情報の提供を受ける機会（情報提供条件）も存在した。上記3条件を合わせた家庭場面における適切な返礼行動の生起率は20.8%であり、保護者はこれらの条件における返礼行動の指導を希望した。

こういったことから、上記3 条件に関する指導を、

のプレイルームにおいて行った。における指導では、まず介入1（行為等の提供を明示する条件：例えば「手伝うよ」との音声を付加するなど）を、次に介入2（介入1+ 時間遅延法＋音声モデル提示法）を順に導入した。これらの介入の結果、この児童は物品提供、行為提供、情報提供の3 条件において返礼行動が可能となった。その後、家庭場面における事後評価を実施したところ、上記3 条件を合わせた返礼行動の生起率は50.0%へと上昇した。における一連の介入と結果（経過）及び事前・事後評価の結果、ならびに返礼行動のあり方について考察した。

抄録全体を表示

This paper describes ongoing comprehensive policy review of operational activities for development of the United Nations system, and analyzes a trend of institutional evolution of organs within the United Nations system by which the operational activities are undertaken, in view of identifying a possible future course of restructuring the United Nations system. To this end, new implementation modalities for the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) technical assistance, namely “support cost successor arrangements” are introduced, and their effects on raison d'être of the Specialized Agencies are analyzed.
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 44/211 entitled “Comprehensive triennial policy review of operational activities for development of the United Nations system”, adopted on 22 December 1989 by consensus, reaffirms that the recipient Governments have the principal responsibility for design and management of external assistance, and that the exercise of those responsibilities is crucial to the strengthening and utilization of national capacity. The operational activities for development of the United Nations system, therefore, have to be streamlined with (a) a shift from a project approach to a programme approach, (b) delegation of authority from the headquarters to the country level, (c) strengthening resident co-ordinator system, and (d) national execution.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), which is an autonomous subsidiary organ of the General Assembly, is the central funding agency for technical co-operation within the United Nations system. As such, UNDP is undertaking a major policy alteration in line with the General Assembly resolution 44/211.
One of the modifications, with regard to implementation of UNDP's technical co-operation, is introduced by the UNDP Governing Council resolution 91/32 dated 25 June 1991 entitled “Support costs successor arrangements”. The new arrangements aim at (a) national execution, (b) a shift of technical assistance by the Specialized Agencies from a project level to a programme level, (c) reimbursement of project support costs by UNDP to each Specialized Agency, which amounts to 13% flat of total UNDP projects, is altered by payment of actual expenses for technical advice rendered by each Specialized Agency.
The new arrangements result in shrunk activities and decreased budget of the Specialized Agencies as project executing agencies. Consequently, the implementation of new support cost arrangements and the extension of national execution create a particular set of challenges with respect to the future role of the Specialized Agencies.
In fact, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) acknowledges that the new arrangements may affect the substance of its technical co-operation programme and the capacity of the ILO to carry out projects that are of central importance to its mandate.
On the other hand, UNDP as a funding agency would strengthen its monitoring role and financial control over the Specialized Agencies. The ongoing policy alteration, therefore, would lead not only to the modification of implementation modality for UNDP's technical co-operation, but also to redefinition of technical role of the Specialized Agencies, and thus, to restructuring the United Nations system as a whole.
Secretary-General Gali initiated a reorganization of the United Nations Secretariat in January 1992, aiming at an integration and centralization of organs in the field of economic and social development. This reorganization, however, goes backward from an operational point of view, since the operational activities for development of the United Nations system have evolved by creation of new organs and decentralization of authority thereto. Restructuring the United Nations system has to be deliberated taking into account of efficient and effective operational activities of the United Nations system.

抄録全体を表示