The wind damage to plants and the grains they bore varied in extent with certain ecological factors, of which the important ones were distance of the locality from the sea coast, earliness in the heading of the plant, the fertilizers used, and the existence of drought damage at the same time. (1) In localities about 12 kilometers from the coast, only slight damage was done to the rice grains, brown discolored spots appearing on their surfaces (Fig. 3). About 8 kilometers distant, the damage slightly increased, about 4 kilometers away it became more conspicuous, while in fields only 1 kilometer from the coast, none of the grains completely developed. In fields continuous to the sea some of the plants were totally ruined by the brine (Fig. 4 :1), while in others that barely survived the panicles were very poor and mostly empty of grain, or their development was abnormal, the dormant buds on the nodes following the terminal ones growing into small axillary panicles, consequently forming together with the primary panicles at the terminals the so-calles "two-stepped" panicles (Figs. 4 : 2 & 3). There was also delayed tillering without maturation. These gradations in the extent of damage suffered seem to accord with the amount of brine held by the wind, and also to be due in part to the velocity of the wind. (2) The time of heading of the plant was another imporatnt factor that determined the severity of the damage. Grain damage was most severe on panicles that were hit by the storm from three to five days after heading, while on panicles that had headed earlire or later, the damage was decidedly less intense. The heading time of the plants differed with the variety, the time it was transplanted, the amount of fertilizer used, etc. and these factors caused differences in the damage suffered (Fig 5). (3) As to the effect of the fertilizer used, a notable fact is that the damage was markedly slighter in the case of plants grown in fields that had been continuously supplied with compost, when compared with those grown with such fertilizers as green manure, soybean oil cake and ammonium sulphate (Fig. 6). The writer concludes from this, that compost, owing partly to its own silica content and partly to the effect of free CO₂ decomposed from it, which transforms the insoluble silica compounds in the soil into soluble and available forms, thus naturally enriching the plant body in its silica components, accelerating especially the silicification of the epidermal tissues of the plant, resulting in healthy growth and in consequent resistance to damage. (4) The damage done by violent wind on rice grains that were suffering from drought during their development were strikinglt severe (Fig. 7). In some parts of the district, the soil, which was of diluvial origin, was poor in both humus and in silica, with the result that the plant and the grain grown in such places suffered considerably from water shortage and silica deficiency, so that the damage was consquently most severe.

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The Chokozassho of Aki (『徴古雑抄・安芸』) edited by Kosugi Onson (小杉榲邨) contains a large number of deeds of sale related to Mita-go (三田郷) and Kazahaya-go (風早郷) of Takada-gun (高田郡) in the Province of Aki (安芸) in the late Heian period. In this essay, the author first studies how these deeds of sale passed into the hands of the Itsukushima Shrine. As a result of this study, it became apparent that all these deeds of sale were originally held by the Fujiwara Family magistrates of Takada-gun ; later, all deeds of sale passed into the hands of Saeki Kagehiro, a shinto priest of Itsukushima Shrine. However, originals were transmitted to the shrine by the Nakahara Family, while the copies, which had been handed down within the Fujiwara Family magistrates, were trapsferred to the shrine by them. Study of these documents revealed, however, that the Fujiwara magistrates commended, or otherwise transferred the proprietorship of these lands, even though the Fujiwara Family was not the final purchaser entered on the deeds of sale themselves. Next, the author further looked at the process by which deeds of sale came into the possession of the Fujiwara magistrates. He found that the proprietorships appearing in these deeds of sale were those which the provincial officials (在庁官人) and local officials (郡司・郷司) responsible for taxation had confiscated from the local residents for taxation reasons. A survey by the author of taxation units (名) which are recorded in land registers (大田文) as betsumyo (別名) and beppu (別符) belonging to provincial offices also leads him to infer that such lands had come into the hands of provincial officials in much the same way as the lands in Takada-gun.

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Generally speaking, in the pre- or early times of Industrial Revolution, water was employed as the principal power in almost every kind of industries. Especially in Japan, as it is a mountainous and rainy country, there were a large number of suitable spots for the exploitation of water-power in these days.
At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Japan, water was the most important motive power. For example, in 1885 (before Sino-Japanese War), the number of factories^* which were equipped with water wheel was 364, while only 53 factories were equipped with steam engine.
After Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars (1894-5 and 1904-5), the modernization of Japanese industries have progressed very much. Instead of water wheels, modern motive powers, such as steam engines, oil engines or electric motors began to be more widely used in factories. In 1909^**, the number of steam engines became 5, 319, with 197, 335HP, and that of electric motors was 2, 559, with 37, 617HP. In the same year, 2, 390 water wheels were still used, but the total power of these was only 10, 038HP.
At that time, about half of total water wheels, i.e. 1, 128 wheels, belonged to silk manufacture, which had rural and traditional character but one of the most important industries in these days. Fig. 1 shows, how much degree water wheels were used in silk manufacturing in 1909 (unit of numbers written in Fig. 1 is 10%). As shown in Fig. 1, in Chûbu District, especially in Nagano Pref., water was well utilized as the motive power of filature.
It might be said that other traditional industries inclined to depend on water-power. For example, almost all of cotton-spinning factories, which was modern and whose technique was imported from abroad, depended much more on steamengine, whereas, cotton-spinning, which started in Japan, deppended on water. And it was reeling and twisting of silk thread or silk-weaving that depended more on water than on steam engine even in 1909.
In Fig. 3, cities, towns and villages, which had more than 5 factories equipped with water wheels in 1909, are dotted.^*** They might be centers of water utilization in Japan at the beginning of 20th century, because not registered small factories, in which water-power utilization was more diffused, might gathered there. Most of these centers situated at the foot of mountains, where water was rich to exploit for power. In some cases, factories were built in the place where water-power was available, but in many cases factories of traditional handicraft began to utilize water-power if it was available.
NOTES
*factories…limited whose capital were more than 1000 yen in this case.
**In this year, list of factories and statistics of industry were published. They are the most detailed list and statistics in these days, because they show factories which had more than 5 workmen.
***legend-
F (silk manufacturing) RC (rice cleaning)
W (reeling of silk thread) St (starch manufacture)
CS (cotton spinning) P (pottery)
T (twisting of silk or cotton thread) Sa (sawing)
SW (silk weaving) M (metal goods industry)
CW (cotton weaving)

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The civil affairs procedure in the Yedo Period, as contrasted with the modern civil procedure, shows a unique. character in that the judicial authorities tried to settle whatever disputes possible through "Naisai" or conciliation between the parties concerned.
This characteristic was especially conspicuous in the procedure for settlement of water-right disputes. In every stage of. the proceeding, recommendations for conciliation were made as a necessary part of that stage of the proceeding. These frequent recommendations for conciliation derived from tha principle of settling as many disputes as possible through "Naisai." This frequent insertion of recommendations for conciliation distinguishes the legal procedure of the Yedo Period from that of the modern times, though the "Naisai " resembles the procedure of compromise, mediation and arbitration in the modern legal system. As a matter of course, "Naisai" obtains equal legal effect with a sentence given by a law court if the Naisai is made as a part of a legal procedure.
Preference of the " Naisai " principle in the water-right procedures is accounted for by the fact that the judges hesitated to give a sentence of a decisive nature on a case in which any change of landscape and the course of water-flow may greatly change the situation. Avoiding to give a rigid sentence and acting as a benevolent giver of an equitable solution, the judges tried to safeguard the prestige of the judicial authority. Settlement through Naisai, however, sometimes resulted in injustice, as the settlement was liable to be influenced by power politics.

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