In this paper, we studied the present situation of refuse recycling in Ube City and analyze the collection cost by scenario-analyses. Resource recovery has been done mainly by the volunteer works of children circles and so forth. However, the activity has been suppressed by the low price of resources nowadays. Almost 1/3 of community circles has not been involved in the volunteer works for refuse recycling. In new residential areas with many children, the frequency of the volunteer works and the recovery rate of resources tend to be high. As the result of scenario-analyses, the collection cost of refuse recycling by the municipality amounts to be 4 times of the cost for recycling by volunteer works. In case of newspaper refuse, the collection by municipality was estimated to be feasible only if the recovery rate was higher than 70%, otherwise it is more advantageous for the municipality to collect and incinerate the newspaper refuse together with garbage.

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In a previous study, it was determined that nonionic surfactants could be removed from wastewater using the typical soil. In this report, the recovery of nonionic surfactants was examined with the purpose of reusing the removed surfactants. It was found that a packed bed of soil employed with the nonionic surfactants and the use of alcohol as the recovery agent was most effective. In the case of polyoxyethylenenonylphenylether NP10 (50 ppm), 50 vol% i-PrOH was found to be the most effective for the recovery process. This resulted in a recovery rate of 100%. The following recovery rate was recorded in descending order of i-PrOH>t-BuOH>n-PrOH, EtOH>MeOH. Also, the maximum recovery value resulted between each of the 5 alcohol concentration and their respective recovery rates. The recovery rate of the nonionic surfactants of a low concentration was decreased. In addition, the recovery rate of nonionic surfactants decreased as the mole numbers of the added ethyleneoxide units increased for the nonionic surfactants NP10, NP15 and NP20.

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博物館における教育普及活動は，中学校理科の授業で扱う学習内容と関連付けて構成されてはおらず，また理科教師は，博物館にどのような展示物があるのかを知らないため，せっかくの有用な展示物が授業で活用され難い状況にある。そこで地元清水三保にある東海大学海洋科学博物館の展示物を写真やビデオに収録し，中学校理科の学習内容と関連付けて一覧にまとめ，さらに展示物を利用した指導例を提案することで，博物館の展示物を理科の教材として有効活用する方策を提案する。

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The ability of a typical soil to remove nonionic surfactants from wastewater was investigated. A packed bed using the above soil, with suction filtering of Polyoxyethylenenonylphenylether (NP10,15,20) solution through the packed bed, was prepared. We found that the removal efficiency decreased as the concentration of the NP10 solution is increased and that the Freundlich equation could be used to describe the relationship between the concentration and the removal efficiency in the concentration range of 20-200 ppm. In addition, the removal efficiency tended to decrease as the mole number of added ethyleneoxide (EO) units is increased. This method was found to have a high removal efficiency with regard to wastewater including these solutions of such low concentration that would be discharged into the environment.

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ポリエチレングリコール, ポリアクリルアミド, ポリ(ビニルアルコール)などの非イオン性高分子のモンモリロナイト系粘土鉱物への吸着等温線を求め, 粘土鉱物の層間交換イオンや物理構造の影響および高分子有機物の分子量や化学構造の影響について検討した。
これらの3種類の非イオン性高分子の分子量2000以上のものに対して, モンモリロナイト系粘土鉱物は活性炭に近いかあるいはそれ以上の吸着性を示した。Na型のモンモリロナイトやNa型のベントナイトのような親水性の強い粘土鉱物は, 無機性値の大きい (極性の大きい) 有機物に対して高い吸着性を示した。Ca 型のベントナイトおよび酸性白土, 活性白土のような親水性が弱い粘土鉱物は, 活性炭と同じく無機性値の小さい有機物に対して高い吸着性を示した。
ポリエチレングリコールとポリ(ビニルアルコール)の吸着前後の結晶底面間隔をX線回折で測定したりところ, Na型のモンモリロナイトの場合には結晶底面間隔が約 9Å大きくなり, 高分子有機物が結晶層間に侵入することが認められた。一方, Ca型のベントナイトの場合には, 吸着による結晶底面間隔の増大が見られず, 高分子有機物の結晶層間への侵入は認められなかった。

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これまでの研究で，非イオン界面活性剤水溶液を土壌を充填した層に吸引ろ過すると，非イオン界面活性剤（NPnEO）を捕捉・回収することができ，回収したNPnEOは再利用可能であることが明らかになった。このことは非イオン界面活性剤単独系で成り立つが，他の成分が共存する混合系の場合は成立するのかという課題が見出された。そこで，本報では，多成分系における捕捉率，回収率を調べ，それらの影響の有無を把握することを目的とし，非イオン界面活性剤（NP10，NP15，NP20）に，陰イオン界面活性剤（ドデシル硫酸ナトリウムSDS），無機ビルダー（硫酸ナトリウム），有機ビルダー（カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム）を混合した系で実験を行った。その結果，NP10（30 ppm）単独系の捕捉率95.6％に対して，硫酸ナトリウム（1.0％）を混合した系の捕捉率は93.1％，SDSを0.1％混合した系の捕捉率は90.5％，SDS 0.5％を混合した系の捕捉率は6.7％となり，単独系とSDS 0.5％混合系に有意差が認められた（Bonferroni，p<0.05）。捕捉率・回収率は，ビルダー混合よりも，陰イオン界面活性剤混合による影響が大きく，混合する濃度によって差がみられた。特に，NPnEOとSDSの濃度が臨界ミセル濃度（cmc）以上になると捕捉率・回収率が著しく低下し10％程度となり，SDSがNPnEOの捕捉を阻害していることが考えられた。以上のことから，混合系においてNPnEOの捕捉率を高めるためには，捕捉処理の過程で成分ごとに分離除去する必要があることが示唆された。

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Japan's early medieval period experience a broadening of society of fortress (tachi 館) and after the establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu, its headquarters went through a gradual process of urbanization. The aim of the present paper is to trace this transformation process by examining the residences and temples of the Hojo 北条 family locatdd on the Izu peninsula, its fief, and in the city of Kamakura proper. From information contained in records concerning Ganjoju-in tenple in Izu and archaeological surveys conducted in the town of Nirayama, we find that the Hojo family left Izu around the middle of the thirteenth century, no doubt with the aim to establish itself in Kamakura. After the Hojo's move to Kamakura, Hojo-Tokimasa 時政 built a residence in the neighborhood of Nagoe 名越, while Hojo-Yoshitoki 義時 took up residence in Okura 大倉. At that time it was necessary for Hojo family residences to be located near the shogun's palace, so Hojo-Yasutoki 泰時 decided to move the palace close to his residence in Komachi 小町. However, during the regency of Tokiyori 時頼, the Hojo family residence had no locational connection to the shogun's palace at all. Tokiyori's residence continued to serve as the regent's home for a long time after, and became known as "Shikken-Tei" (the regent's house), but was later occupied by the head (tokuso 得宗) of the Hojo family, not the regent. This transformation in Hojo family residential patterns closely reflects the political history of the family, which began in the role of close advisors to the shogun, changing to governance via the regency, and finally becoming the bakufu's ruling samurai family. The fact that the "Shikken-Tei" was surrounded by lodgings for samurai and the residences of commoners strikes a clear contrast to Minamoto-no-Yoritomo's Palace, which was built in the tradition of a fortress (tachi 館). In addition, the fact that the Hojo family possessed a villa in Yamanouchi 山内 with a chapel to enshrine a statue of Buddha (jibutsu-do 持佛堂) may have set the style for Muromachi era Kamakura, which was characterized by the construction of samurai residences and temples in the suburbs. And if this is so, we should include this feature to the important elements that made up the formation of Kamakura as a medieval Japanese city. Furthermore, by gaining Control over temples located on the periphery, the Hojo family established Kamakura's city limits and its sphere of urban activity. The author concludes that the Hojo family's move from Izu into Kamakura represents the transformation that took place within medieval society from fortress to town.

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