This paper aims to shed light on the characteristics of the landscape design by Kenzo Tange that commemorates the war victims and promote peace. Two specific works were examined: the Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere Memorial Project (1942, hereafter called ‘the Project’), and the Memorial Plaza for Students who Perished in the War (finished in 1967, hereafter called ‘the Plaza’). The landscape design of these two works were compared and analyzed with Tange’s Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park (1949, finished in 1955, hereafter called ‘the Park’).

 The architectural competition of the Project was held during the war in 1942 and was understood as a vision only that was not to be realized. The main part of the Project, the holy precinct for the dead, was located at the east foot of Mt. Fuji. The Plaza started and finished in the 1960s and is located on the south end of Awaji Island. It is positioned on the ridge of Ohmiyama that overlooks the Inland Sea. The Park was designed just after the atomic bombing in Hiroshima. While the historical context to commemorate the victims, the surrounding environment, and the existing materials differ greatly, the common spatial composition has to comply with a north-south principle axis and two trapezoid squares that face each other on the axis as pointed out by other researchers. The viewpoints to compare and analyze the landscape design have three aspects: how the common geometry was applied, how the monumentality was expressed, and how the planting was positioned.

 Regarding the common geometry (two trapezoid squares on the north-south principle axis), it was clarified that while all works show the contrast between the northern part to commemorate the victims and the southern part to promote peace or for the place where people gather, the application of the geometry of the Project and the Plaza differs to the Park. In the former, the geometry was applied to emphasize the contrast and the separation of the two trapezoid squares through a different view and spatial experience provided on the bridge or the approach that connects the squares. In the latter, the geometry was applied to create a network and a center in the Park.

 In regard to the expression of the monumentality, it was clarified that Tange planned monumental scenery both on the site scale and the landscape scale. In the scenery on both scales, the vertical or massive existence appear as a focal point. Moreover the scenery on the landscape scale, the vertical or horizontal expression of architecture made a contrast to the constantly changing nature.

 Finally, in spite of the importance of the planting of the scenery in the initial design, Tange’s lack of concern about planting was confirmed through his final design.

Hiroshima is very famous because it was the first city in the history of the world that was hit by an atomic bomb. The purpose of this paper is to explore the controversy over the conservation or demolition of the buildings damaged by the atomic bomb (the buildings A-bombed) in Hiroshima. There are two important agents concerned with this controversy. One is the local administration of Hiroshima City, which wants to remove these buildings. The other comprises a number of groups who want to conserve them. Through two significant controversies over the buildings A-bombed since the 1970s, I first examined the claims of the two conflicting sides and made it clear that these controversies are, in fact, spatial conflicts over “landscapes of the atomic bomb”.

1. The local administration has a spatial orientation that tries to contain the A-bombed memory and history in Hiroshima into a limited landscape of the atomic bomb, including the Atomic Bomb Dome as a “Symbol of Peace’’ and the peace memorial park around it. Atomic Bomb Dome was decided in 1966 to conserve in perpetuity, and, in 1996, it was registered on the UNESCO World Heritage list.

2. Conservation group advocates have insisted that landscapes of the atomic bomb must be established all over Hiroshima through an expansion of the example of the Atomic Bomb Dome.

I explain that the current controversies concerning the buildings A-bombed in Hiroshima are spatial conflicts between the local administration and conservation groups, and I point out that the Atomic Bomb Dome plays an important role in these controversies.

Second, I explored the historical moment when the administration’s orientation was formed by examining the period of recovery (1945-1952) from Second World War damage. I paid attention to important city plans for recovery in this period, and analysed two urban concepts which city planners were concerned with at that time. As a result, I revealed this point:

3. Two concepts were fitst, a “peace city’’ concept which contributed to the establishment of the bill for the construction of a peace commemorating city and second, an urban concept about modernization which formed the basis of the city planning for recovery. And both of them produced the peace memorial park around the epicenter. Then the Atomic Bomb Dome was positioned as an important component of the park and defined as the “the only one’’ building A-bombed in Hiroshima. This definition played a vital role in the fate of the other buildings which were A-bombed, because it meant that all of these, except for the Dome, would be excluded from both the processes of construction of a peace commemorating city and a modern city. I think this definition was the historical moment that led to the local administration’s current orientation.

Now, in face of the visible disappearance of other buildings except for the Atomic Bomb Dome, there has been an increase in the number of different voices on rethinking how Hiroshima should be in the future. I conclude that our historical-geographical imaginations of the history and memory affected by the atomic bomb are essential for rethinking the future of Hiroshima.

コロナ禍に陥る前から，クルーズ市場は急速に発展していた。特にアジアクルーズ市場の拡大に伴い，日本への寄港クルーズ船が急増していた。しかし，寄港が九州・沖縄地域に偏っており，九州地域の一部の港が受け入れの限界に達し，寄港を断るケースが増加している。そのため，九州地域に近接する他の地域の港に寄港する傾向がみられている。本研究では，これからクルーズ船の寄港が増加すると考えられる西日本地域のうち広島県内の2つの埠頭を調査地とし，クルーズ観光者の寄港地に対する満足度と寄港地における消費行動の差異を明らかにした。2016年10月から2017年7月までの期間内に広島港の宇品埠頭と五日市埠頭に寄港した複数の外国人クルーズ観光者を対象に8回のアンケート調査を実施した。分析結果より，クルーズ観光者の特徴，寄港場所，クルーズクラスの違いが寄港地に対する満足度と消費金額に影響を与えていることが明らかになった。さらに，外国船社が運航するクルーズ船の寄港を受け入れている両埠頭の受入設備，地理的位置，二次交通の利便性を比較した結果，これらの要因がクルーズ観光者の寄港地に対する満足度や寄港地での消費行動の差異に深く影響していることもわかった。

The influence of American magazines is one of the factors behind the global rise of Japanese architecture’s reputation after World War II. In this report, we examine various letters exchanged between American magazine editors and architect Kenzo Tange, from the 1950s through to the early 1960s. This analysis examines the process by which Tange’s works were published in magazines, along with how his interactions with American magazine editors affected his overseas activities and broader international reputation. Time, Architectural Forum, and Architectural Record are the magazines covered in this report.