The firework industry in Niigata Prefecture is famous, and the firework makers in Niigata and a few other prefectures satisfy greater part of the domestic demand in fireworks. Especially, the Japanese largest firework, so called “Yonshaku dama” which is approximately 120 centimeters in diameter, can be produced and launched only by Niigata's firework technology.
Gunpowder was historically introduced to Japan with gun technology in 1543. Since gun armament was prohibited by Tokugawa government in the Edo period, gunpowder makers had to resign their posts and some have supposed to become firework artisans. “Kagiya” as the first firework maker in the Edo City, have opened a store in 1659. Skyrocket-type modern fireworks were invented about 100 years after then. The Japanese skyrocket-type fireworks, well known as “Japanese Style Firework” in the world, have spherical outside appearance, and it open spherically once launched to the sky, in contrast to cylindrical shape of European fireworks.
Firework technology seemed to have been transmitted from the Kansai district not only to the Edo City, but also to some rice field basins of large rivers flowing into the Sea of Japan in the Northeast Japan, such as Katakai Town, perhaps related to “Kitamae” cargo boat services.

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本稿の目的は，松平春嶽（まつだいらしゅんがく）の全半生の前半期，すなわち，管見の限りで あるが，特に，福井藩主時代の財政改革を中心に分析考察し，後世の財政改革及び財政再建への貢 献を論じる事である。

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When 19, 900 persons that died in the Yamanashi Kyoto district during the 289 years from the middle Edo era to the present according to the necrologies available at 7 temples in the district in which diseases as causes of death are scarcely entered were classed into two age groups, ie, one aged not less than 10 years and the other aged less than 10 years, and by each month, the death curves in the two groups showed the respective characteristic patterns. A survey was also made by a similar method on 8073 persons that died during 82 years and are entered in the necrology of an O temple in the Hida district in which diseases as causes of death are entered. As a result. the death curves of the two groups in this district showed the respective characteristic patterns according to the kinds of infections. When the death curves due to small pox, typhoid, measles, dysentery, which were so obtained were compared with the death curves in the Yamanashi district, it was found that these infections followed very close courses in the two districts, though there were some lags between the districts. In both the Yamanashi and the Hida district, it was noted that the major causes of death in the aged group were typhoid, cholera, influenza, famine, battle, and those in the younger group, small pox, measles, dysentery. Moreover, each kind of disease, showing its characteristic pattern, was often recognizable. Severe famine and big battles were overlapped or complicated by these diseases, to make the disasters more serious. The disease structure in the pre-war period was fundamentally altered from about 1955 on. The deaths due to infection and tuberculosis and those of neonates that had persisted since the Edo era drastically decreased, to be taken over chiefly by adult diseases in the post-war period. Seasonal alterations in the causes of death in the year show such a pattern that the peak deaths due to infection and and the peak deaths of neonates in summer that had persisted to and including the Meiji era have been overcome, to disappear in and after 1955. Annual and decadal alterations in the causes of death were then examined epidemiologically, and this disclosed the status of outbreak of infections and the occurrence of famine that had varied from district to district. Long-term alterations in the distribution of these causes of death by age showed the predilect ages of deach due to infection, death due to famine and death in battle, the frequencies of them, and the complications by them, and further disclosed alterations in the disease structure. When the causes of death in the Hida Takayama district were compared with those in the Yamanashi Kyoto district, the disease structures in the two districts during the past about 300 years proved basically close to each other, but there was marked difference in the occurrence of famine or in the outbreak of cholera between the two districts. We have proposed a method which is capable of unraveling the causes of death of inhabitants all over Japan during the period of from the middle Edo era to the present, based on the actual reliable status of death according to the necrologies, even if not filled in with diseases as causes, witn reference to the local history and to the chronological tables of Japanese and local histories as presented in the foregoing.

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本稿は、徳川将軍権力を中核に形成された参勤交代制の特質およびその変質過程を分析し、幕藩体制解体過程の一端を明らかにするものである。本制度は幕府が指定した時期を全大名が忠実に守って参勤交代を繰り返すことにより、江戸や全国各地の軍事力配備、軍役体系を維持するというのがその本来の意味や機能であった。しかし大名課役の増大、藩主の病気等を理由に、宝暦―天明期に幕府が指定した時期を守るという原則が崩れ、一九世紀においては個々の大名が幕府から指示された時期を守らずに夫々の都合と思惑で参勤交代を繰り返すようになり、本制度は本来の意味や機能が失われることになった。幕藩領主全体の共同利害を保つという意味を有していた本制度は、一八世紀半ばを境にして大名がただ江戸と国許を往復し藩財政を圧迫させていくだけの負担になっていったのである。

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