The area drained by the middle of the River Kako, Hyogo Prefecture, is a rural district where many old and traditional middle and small industries co-exist. The production of frozen bean-curd, cotton textile, abacuses, fish-hooks, sickles, saws, scissors, knives, razors, etc. is an activity deeply rooted in this rural society in the form of domestic industry, or factory industry on a very small scale. What is characteristic of this district is that while none of the above-mentioned industries is self-supporting in point of productive means such as materials and fuel, their products predominate in the market, domestic or foreign, even monopolize it at times. The author has attempted to establish a location theory of rural industry by picking out the above district where rural industry is most thriving in present-day Japan.
In modern capitalistic society, rural industry, which has of necessity to be managed on middle and small scales and whose modernization has lagged far behind as compared with urban indnstry, must have its own raison d'être. For there exists a distinct relationship of division of work between urban and rural industries, with the result that any industries which need a great deal of labor tend to become rural because they are in this way able to depend on superfluous labor in the agricultural district. The district picked out by the author has labor enough to make those industries possible.
With the returning home of emigrants, the industrial technics were brought back, which helped develop various industries in the district. However, it is not possible to find any planning thrgouhout development of certain sorts of industries in cartain areas; on the contrary, there is unconsciousness or accidentalityin every case. Any type of industry, as long as its first requirement was labor, was able to grow in this district.
The production of saws, scissors, razors, etc. was at the beginning monopolized by each guild of the town of Miki, in accordance with a common principle of the middle ages. Such a control, however, could not last, and blacskmiths began to appear in the areas surrounding the town. The present-day distribution of blacksmiths forms a pyramid centering round Miki. The same pyramidal distribution of cotton textile industry can be recognized around the town of Nishiwaki.
As an important factor deciding the future of any industry, there is changing demand of the market. It exert an influece upon the expansion and transformation of the indnstrial areas that exist in a mixed state. The decrease in demand has caused an indnstrial area to disappear where a certain kind of comb and other old-fashioned articles were produced. On the other hand an industrial area for cotton textile now predominates due to the acquisition of foreign markets.
Any industry originally snpported by the quantity of labor will necessarily bring up skilled workers. As a result the quality of labor in turn will become an important factor making that industry possible. Unless those skilled workers move to other districts, the industry inclines to stay where it is originally located even when it undergoes a certain amount of modernisation.

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本稿は、自由学園が「婦人之友」「全国友の会」と一体となって行った社会活動のうち、農村への運動について述べる。この運動は、自由学園南沢キャンパスの地元・当時は純農村であった東京府下久留米村での「自由学園農村セットルメント」に始まり、昭和恐慌以降、「全国友の会」が中心となって『婦人之友』と共催した「東北農村生活合理化運動」「東北セットルメント」に展開し、戦後の「農村文化運動」へと継続した。自由学園・全国友の会・婦人之友社の3団体は、同じ創立者羽仁もと子・吉一夫妻のもとに新しい社会建設の理想を共有し、教育機関、社会活動団体、出版社とそれぞれの特質を活かして、共にこの運動に携わった。特に農村への運動と災害救援の分野では一体となって活動した歴史がある。学園では戦前期には主として女子部卒業生、戦中から戦後は主として女子部最高学年の生徒・学生が携わり、まさに「学校から社会へ」働きかける、大きな経験となった。ここでは、当時用いた「セットルメント」の表記を用いる。なお、本稿は2021年刊行予定の自由学園100年史（書籍版）第III部第3章の詳細版としての位置づけを持っている。

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In ancient societies seas and rivers played an important role in spreading of the civilizations. In Japan seas and oceans have remained important even until now. The role of rivers in Japan, however, was gradually changed to that in irrigation and drinking, and its industrial importance has now become recognized in modern ages.
There are two reasons for rivers retreating from the means of spreading of the civilization.
1) Basins formed by one river system became complete as the space of life but lost their integration that had existed by means of a river. This was brought about by the new method of reclamation that came from China: For the management of paddy-field with rivers being the source of water supply it was necessary for rivers to be divided into small parts one system by one system.
2) By using new method of reclamation powerful families in the provinces developed the space of life. As a result consanguineal societies were changed into territorial societies. Overland routes took the place of waterways as means of contact among many territorial societies formed in one water system. And rivers lost their importance as traffic routes and became important as the source of water supply (water for irrigaition).
The purpose of this article is to make clear the history of the roles of such river systems, taking an example from Sumiyoshi Shrine that used to possess a large ancient dominion on the Hyogo River. As Sumyoshi Shrine was a tutelary god, its domain was on the Bay of Osaka (that was) next to the Inland Sea of Seto. However, by forming a connection with the Imperial Court of Yamato the shrine widened its domain along the river system and gained a vast area including woods and river valley inland. Because it was not originally the god of agriculture or forestry, it began to draw back when it lost the protection of the Imperial Court of Yamato, and finally retreated to the sea-side place which it had first possessed. The shrines that lost even their first domains have maintained only the buildings in which the faith in the gods of navigation and diplomacy is slightly kept.

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