This article examined the building used the Japanese nail and the Western nail together, and following points became clear.
The combination of the Japanese nail and the Western nail began in the advanced area early in the Meiji era and concentrated on it generally in the latter half from the Meiji early 10s.
There was a dual circulation period for the switch of the Western nail from the Japanese nail, and every use point was gradually rearranged from the Japanese nail to the Western nail.

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On January 1^st, 2019, The city of Niigata marks the 150^th anniversary of the opening of Niigata port.

Throughout the history of Niigata, Niigata port has a crucial role to create the unique history and culture. In prehistoric time, Niigata port presumed already existed, even if water traffic was primitive era. “Kanbara-no-tsu” is the first set up port described at Engi-Shiki in 972 A.D. Then, “Nuttari-minato” port and “Niigata-no-tsu” port appeared from the 14th to the 16th century. As described three ports were located at the mouths of the Shinano river and the Agano river, these two rivers have the largest watershed area in Japan. In early modern ages, Niigata port became prosperous as a port of Kitamaebune cargo ships entrance and departure. In the period of Isolation, the end of the Edo era，foreign countries selected led to be forced to opening of Niigata port, however, due to the civil war, it opened later than the other ports.

After the Meiji era, Niigata thrived as a modern port and also as a gateway to the continent, but towards the end of WWII, the port lost all ability to function due to a naval mine blockade in the surrounding waters. After the war, the port regained its position as one of the Japanese most important ports. Today, many cultural assets from Port City Niigataʼs history remain including the traditional Ryoutei restaurants and Geisha culture that blossomed to welcome guests when Niigata flourished as a trading hub, former residences of wealthy merchants from that same period, and cultural assets related to praying for ship safety. Port City Niigata will continue to utilize these cultural legacies to better our city.

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 Kaetsu region is the northern part of Niigata prefecture. Major towns in this area are three castle towns(johka-machi); Murakami, Shibata, Muramatsu, and four port towns(minato-machi); Senami, Iwafune, Nuttari, Niigata. Additionally, there are many small towns in countryside(zaigoh-cho) along major roads and rivers. Many historical buildings remain in these towns.
 One type of historical building is Machiya, which is traditional merchants' commercial and residential building. External form of Machiya is classified into two types; Tateya whose ridge of the roof is vertical to the attached street and Yokoya whose ridge is horizontal. Besides, there is Machiya that is mixture of Tateya and Yokoya in Kaetsu area. The front part of this Machiya is Yokoya, and the back part, which is predominant, is Tateya.
 The pupose of this paper is to clarify the number and the percentage of remaining Yokoya-Tateya mixed Machiya in Kaetsu area, and to understand design character of this building. Major results are as fillows:
 1) No Yokoya-Tateya mixed Machiya exist in nothern and southern Kaetsu region. On the other hand, there are many Yokoya-Tateya mixed Machiya in Naka-kanbara district and western Kita-kanbara district. It may be inferred that Yokoya-Tateya mixed Machiya was formed from Tateya. One of the reasons is becouse no Yokoya-Tateya mixed Machiya can be found in towns which are consisted purely of Yokoya.
 2) Several types of facade design are extracted from 740 Yokoya-Tateya mixed Machiya.
 3) As seen in old paintings and photographs, most Machiya in Niigata were Tateya in the late Edo and early Meiji period. The townscape changed in the mid meiji period, and many Yokoya-tateya mixed Machiya emerged. This might be a result of building guidelines proclaimed after the two great fires.

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This article examines examples and background of the use of newsprint as materials for building since the mid-Meiji period. The following points become clear. Newspaper was widely used as protective paper for columns, underlayment for sliding doors and ceilings, and wallpaper after the middle of the Meiji period. The use as wallpaper was mainly in Manchuria and other regions.

Newspaper was used for the underlining of sliding doors, replacing antique paper. In architectural research, finding newspaper as a building material provides a clue to the date of construction.

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Advancing toward “due to the ships of large areas (knowledge) and skill inheritance” as an island of ōsakikamijima mainly the geiyo Islands near Maritime Center shipbuilding and inland shipping (ship) research and data collection.

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