琉球王国時代から近年までの森林・林業や住宅に関連する政策・周辺状況の変容を分析し, 構造材の変化に関する要因を考察した。琉球王国は薩摩藩侵攻以後, 中国と日本の二重支配体制下に置かれ, 財政逼迫や森林資源枯渇に直面した。18 世紀中頃に蔡温による大改革が行われ, その影響は集落景観や住宅構造にも及んだ。すなわち, 集落の形状が碁盤型に変化し, 身分ごとの住宅も現れたことである。琉球処分後は, で近代化が阻まれ, 森林管理体制が崩壊した。用材自給は困難となり, 本土の移入材に依存するようになった。戦後は, 沖縄の軍事的価値の高まりにより, 米国の統治が続いた。B 円体制下の輸入促進政策でスギ材が安価で入手可能となり, 木造建築が活発化した。ドル体制下では, ドル流出抑制目的で輸入代替や輸出振興が図られ, 合板・セメント生産に支援が行われた。結果, コンクリート造が安価で供給可能となり, 融資条件優遇等の要因も重なり, 以後,主流となった。近年の木造率増加は, プレカット工法の普及, 国産材利用振興政策に伴う本土業者の新たな市場としての沖縄県への参入等がその背景にあった。

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In this thesis, I have tried to make clear the following: what position education at school and in the society was given and what role it played in the process of modernization through analyzing the educational situation after the Meiji Period in Okinawa. I have also compared and evaluated the difference in achievement between the group which supported the assimilation policy together with imperial education and the one which tried to put the peculiar culture of Okinawa into practical activities. As main materials, I have made use of 'current Topics in Education', an education magazine of the Meiji Period, 'Ryukyu News' and 'Okinawa Mainichi', both of which were local newspapers. By learning several activities which characterize the culture of Okinawa, I have confirmed the existence of the water stream leading to activities later on in the present days.

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本報は，亜熱帯島嶼性という地理的条件下にある沖縄県の地勢とこれに伴う農業事情および歴史的経緯について触れ，沖縄返還後に実施された農業農村整備事業を各地のかんがい排水事業による水源開発を中心にして紹介する。また，農業農村整備事業に資する成果を生み出した研究の一部を簡潔に紹介する。今日までに築き上げてきた農業農村整備を土台にして，現在沖縄県では，沖縄ブランドの確立と生産供給体制の強化，赤土等流出防止対策の推進，担い手の育成・確保および農地の有効利用の促進，農林水産技術の開発・普及，農地および農業用施設の保全・防災，農山漁村地域の多面的機能の拡充等の農業農村整備事業を展開している。

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近代八重山の廃村は，そのほとんどがマラリアによる人口減少が原因とされてきた．しかし一方で，マラリア禍の激しかった西表島において500年以上も存続してきた祖納のような集落も存在する．本稿では，近代廃村期（1900年から1938年）を生き延びたマラリア有病地集落共通の特徴を分析し，その集落存続要因を探った．その結果，不明な点の多い伊原間集落を除き，八重山のマラリア有病地存続集落はすべて蔡温施政期以前からの古集落であった．古集落は，良港や湧き水の存在など立地条件がもともと良く，生活基盤がすでに整備されていたため，近世の地元役人による不正な課税に苦しみながらも人口を維持し得たと考えられる．また，近代廃村期における石垣島と西表島の廃村状況およびマラリア罹患率の違いから，マラリア予防対策は西表島の方がより効果があがったことが明らかになった．資料の多く残る西表島の古集落祖納を事例として検討したところ，住民による自発的集落移動や予防事業への全面的協力があった．祖納のような古集落には，人口減少を回避する強い集落内結束があり，こうした人間関係を基にした社会構造が，マラリア禍を緩和し，集落存続のための生存戦略を生む背景となっていたのである．

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The purpose of this study is a) to categorize the thought and events of Okinawa in the Meiji period, and b) to examine the historical position of Ryukyu Education (1895-1906) published by Association of Okinawan Private Education. Results of recent research in colonial studies and the framework for analysis of assimilation are adopted in this study. The term 'Kouminka' has been used carelessly in the existing study of modern Okinawan history. Ambiguous use of 'Kouminka', which has expressed some basic aspects of Okinawa, makes it almost impossible for us to understand those thought and events precisely. Well organized and strict discussion on modern Okinawan history can be made by using results of recent research in colonial studies and the framework for analysis of assimilation. Very few attempts have been made at such examination. This study has a significance in reexamining the framework for the thought on modern Okinawan history.

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Ryukyu Kingdom, which was incorporated in one of the prefectures of Japan in 1879, became the 47th prefecture following the defeat in World War II. However, the draft system was enforced later than the other prefectures, because the Meiji government did not convert Okinawa as a prefecture of Japan immediately, maintaining the preservation policy based on former customs. The research on Okinawa as the site of the ground war between Japan and U.S. has numerous compilations, but the research on the actual experiences based on the legal order to conscript men from Okinawa as soldiers and the military service law for them to fight in foreign territories have been relatively untouched, though personal experiences of individual soldiers have been published. With this report, I would like to clarify the actual battle experiences of three survivors of the WWII, born in Okinawa during the Taisho era, through the interviews I have conducted.

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 This paper presents the process that was used in market planning and the development of commercial districts in Okinawa in the prewar period. The process reconstructed the spatial configuration of major markets and clearly depicted the transformation process of commercial spaces in local cities in Okinawa prefecture. This paper used mainly historical materials derived from chronicles of local history and market research records. The conclusions of this paper are as follows.

 1. Market transactions prescribed in Ryukyu society
 In 1879, the Meiji Government carried out the so-called Ryukyu annexation to abolish the Ryukyu domain. A market society was formed through the business style of brokers and the attraction of merchants. In market trading, the lower shizoku class wielded power. The collapse of Ohu was supposed to bring commercial freedom; however, it resulted in the reorganization of Ryukyu society. Among others, the old clothing market became a new market against this social backdrop. In other words, Naha’s market society internalized Ryukyu society.

 2. Social stratification and commercial space
 Kiryu-syonin were merchants from other prefectures who crossed the Okinawa Islands from the 19th century to the early 20th century. They were the pioneers of street commerce, acquiring land to develop residential lots by modifying the existing residential or ocean landfill areas. The townscape of the streets in Naha were renewed, from stone-walled houses to commercial buildings. From the above, it can be seen that Ryukyu society did not form a permanent commercial space. However, the city of Naha formed a commercial area after the Meiji era.
 In the 1880–1890s, the urban remodeling of Naha city was rare. The city of Naha was formed from the cities of poor residents. Naha's market was based on urban residents and the surrounding people.

 3. Establishment of the retail market facility
 In Naha, the city area was actively remodeled after the reform of the district in 1908. Among other events, the Great Fire Restoration arranged land affected by fire, while the Naha Port was renovated in the face of construction delays and a shrinking budget. The result was a retail market facility within the block that was closely tied to the urban structure. The Higashi town market plan was characterized by subdivided compartments based on different goods, and the main market building was constructed along the road with skylights on the roof top.
 However, the market development policy of Naha city failed because the market facilities couldn't be evaluated as a “public retail market” aimed at improving the pre-modern distribution system under the policy of the Ministry of the Interior.

 4. Reconstruction of conventional markets
 The management of conventional markets occurred in Naha and Shuri during the Meiji period. However, local cities under the Okinawa prefecture established market management and facility improvements. The arrangement of existing markets on the road became a problem of relocation of traffic, for example, the relocation from open air markets at the beach to the remains of the village public office (Miyako, Ishigaki), the improvement of roadside markets by the local people (Shuri), and the construction of market facilities by the administration (Naha). The maintenance process of such market facilities meant spatial transformation, renewing the existing city, substituting land use, and rebuilding the street side market.

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本稿の目的は，資源利用の用益が低くなり， “所有者不明土地” と化していた浜辺の共有地をめぐり，なにゆえに，法人格を取得した地域コミュニティがその名義変更に膨大な手間をかけつつ多額の共有資金を投入したのかをあきらかにすることである。

本稿でとりあげる事例は，沖縄県八重山諸島の隆起サンゴ礁島のものである。海岸林（スイヌメ）や砂浜（ハマ），礁池（イノー）からなる浜辺は，人びとが入り合う「辺」の空間であり，様々な資源を供給するローカル・コモンズであった。しかしながら，昭和30年代以降になると，伝統的入浜慣行は急速に衰退し，浜辺の共有地は “所有者不明土地” の状態に陥っていった。

本稿は，資源利用の用益の低くなったこれらの共有地の名義変更の取り組みの意味をとらえることにより，ローカル・コモンズ研究が資源利用の側面にのみ限らず，コミュニティによる  “生活の無事” を図るためのコモンズへの働きかけをより積極的に射程に入れていく必要があることを指摘した。

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